海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降特性研究

通过室内试验获得了海相结构性软黏土的初始屈服面;考虑不同埋深处地基土的初始结构屈服面之间的相似性规律,应用结构性本构模型,结合工程实测数据,对海相软黏土地基土体屈服与地基沉降之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,结构性本构模型能够较好地模拟海相结构性软黏土地基的沉降变形;结构性土地基的土体屈服是由浅及深逐步发展的,虽然存在低荷载时沉降小、高荷载时沉降大且呈非线性增大的现象,但这是渐变的过程,沉降量—时间—填土高度曲线上不能确定显著的转折点,通过观察沉降曲线的转折点来确定临界填土高度的方法将难以实现。     

不同降雨条件下侵蚀泥沙黏粒含量的变化规律

以2种典型黄土为研究对象,在模拟降雨条件下,研究了不同雨强和坡度条件下侵蚀过程中黏粒含量的变化规律,比较了泥沙侵蚀颗粒(未分散)和泥沙原始颗粒(分散后)大小分布特征,分析了团聚率和富集率.结果表明,泥沙侵蚀黏粒含量随着坡长和雨强的增大而增加,黄绵土变化明显,增加了8.77%和2.43%;而塿土只增加了2.76%和0.4%.随坡度的增大而减小,分别减少了4.91%和3.93%.黏粒团聚率<1,富集率>1,在侵蚀搬运过程中作为黏粒团被搬运,导致黏粒的富集.研究结果有助于深入了解泥沙颗粒在坡面侵蚀过程中的变化规律,深入理解土壤侵蚀机制,也能为面源污染模型的建立提供重要基础.     

菲与吡啶在沉积物及粘土矿物上的吸附行为

研究了菲和吡啶在天然沉积物及粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱土)上的吸附行为.结果表明,含有天然有机质的沉积物对菲的吸附最为显著,而高岭土和蒙脱土对菲也能发生一定程度的吸附.菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附行为比较符合线性模型,Kd分别为594.7L·kg-1(沉积物),405.OL·kg-1(高岭土)和286.7L·kg-1(蒙脱土).吡啶在3种吸附剂上吸附的Kd明显低于菲,在沉积物、高岭土和蒙脱土颗粒上分别为1.18,9.03和0.94 L·kg-1.CEC较大的沉积物和蒙脱土上吡啶的吸附量更低,这可能是背景溶液中Na+向此两种吸附剂表面大量聚集所致.总体上溶液pH值对于菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附影响较小,而对于吡啶而言,酸性和碱性条件均较中性条件更有利于其在粘土矿物上的吸附,其在沉积物上的吸附则随溶液pH值的增大而降低.     

酸化对茶园黄棕壤CEC和粘土矿物组成的影响

用采自江苏溧阳种茶13 a和34 a的茶园黄棕壤表土和种茶54 a的茶园土壤剖面研究了酸化对土壤黏土矿物组成和阳离子交换量（CEC）的影响。结果表明：种茶13 a和34 a,表层土壤发生明显酸化,但土壤2∶1型黏土矿物的质量分数和CEC均与荒地土壤相似,说明酸化没有对黏土矿物转化和CEC产生明显影响。但种茶54 a后土壤发生进一步酸化,表层和表下层土壤pH降至3.79和3.70。土壤2∶1型黏土矿物质量分数随采用深度的增加而增加,高岭石质量分数呈相反的变化趋势。说明表层和表下层土壤的严重酸化加速土壤2∶1型黏土矿物向1∶1型高岭石的转化,这导致表层和表下层土壤CEC显著减小。     

Cellulose Fiber/Bentonite Clay/Biodegradable Thermoplastic Composites

Adding cellulose fiber reinforcement can improve mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, but fiber must be well dispersed to achieve any benefit. The approach to dispersing fiber in this study was to use aqueous gels of sodium bentonite clay. These clay-fiber gels were combined with powdered compostable thermoplastics and calcium carbonate filler. The composite was dried, twin-screw extruded, and injection molded to make thin parts for tensile testing. An experimental design was used to determine the effect of fiber concentration, fiber length, and clay concentration. Polybutylene adipate/terephthalate copolymer (PBAT) and 70/30 polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blend were the biodegradable plastics studied. The composite strength decreased compared to the thermoplastics (13 vs. 19 MPa for PBAT, 27 vs. 38 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). The composite elongation to break decreased compared to the thermoplastics (170% vs. 831% for PBAT, 4.9% vs. 8.7% for the PLA/PBAT blend). The modulus increased for the composites compared to the thermoplastic standards (149 vs. 61 MPa for PBAT, 1328 vs. 965 MPa for the PLA/PBAT blend). All composite samples had good water resistance.     

Solar active fire clay based hetero-Fenton catalyst over a wide pH range for degradation of Acid Violet 7

Fe(Ⅲ) immobilized fire clay (Fe-FC) was prepared using ferric nitrate by solid state dispersion method and this hetero-Fenton catalyst was applied for the degradation of Acid Violet 7 (AV 7) under natural sunlight. The 26% ferric nitrate loaded fire clay was found to be most efficient. The experimental conditions such as solution pH, H₂O₂ concentration for efficient degradation of AV 7 have been determined. Unlike Fenton catalyst, Fe-FC is photoactive over a wide pH range of 3-7. This catalyst was found to be stable and reusable. The GC-MS analysis of experimental solutions during irradiation revealed the formation of 2,8-diaminonaphthalene-1,3,6-triol, 8-aminonaphthalene-1,2,3,6-tetrol, 2-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6,8-tetrol and 2-aminobenzene-1,3-diol/5-aminonbenzene-1,3-diol/ 2-aminobenzene-1,4-diol as intermediates. The 26% ferric nitrate loaded fire clay was characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, BET surface area, FT-IR, SEM-EDS and UV-DRS studies.     

PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES OF BATCH-EXTRACT EXPERIMENTS USING WATER FROM A COAL MINE1

ABSTRACT: The ability of batch-extraction experiments to predict postmining ground water quality was evaluated. As a basis for evaluation, mineralogical and water quality data were used to identify the geochemical reactions that controlled the major-ion chemistry in batch-extraction experiments. The experiments used water and spoil material collected from a surface-coal mine in the Powder River basin of northeast Wyoming. The batch-extraction experiments consisted of a 2:1 solid:liquid ratio of ground water and spoil material (by weight). The chemical composition of the resulting batch-extracts was determined after a contact time of 24 hours. Thermodynamically-favorable reactions included calcite precipitation, gypsum dissolution, and formation of kaolinite as a result of orthoclase feldspar hydrolysis. Three reaction models were consistent with the therinodynanuc and mineralogic data. In general, the extracts had smaller major-ion concentrations than did the water samples collected from the spoil aquifer. Correction ratios were calculated from these experiments and could be used in combination with additional batch-extractions at existing or future lease areas to predict the quality of the ground water after mining.     

高岭土和蒙脱土存在下nC60纳米颗粒稳定性研究

通过沉降实验研究了不同浓度高岭土和蒙脱土分别对富勒烯纳米颗粒（nC₆₀）稳定性的影响,利用沉降模型并结合zeta电位、粒径、SEM、TEM进行原因分析.单体系中nC₆₀的稳定性好,高岭土胶体稳定性差且随浓度增加而降低,蒙脱土胶体稳定性好且与浓度无明显关系.整体上,高岭土和蒙脱土可以降低nC₆₀的稳定性.随着高岭土浓度增加,nC₆₀稳定性显著降低;而蒙脱土对nC₆₀稳定性降低较小且与浓度无明显关系.结果表明,nC₆₀的稳定性由黏土控制,两种黏土在结构和比表面积上的差异,使它们对nC₆₀稳定性影响不同.模型分析表明,一阶沉降模型和修正的一阶沉降模型分别适用于高岭土和蒙脱土参与的胶体沉降过程.该研究可为评估nC₆₀对地下水环境的影响提供重要参考.     

Characterisation of airborne particles collected within and proximal to an opencast coalmine: South Wales,U.K

Airborne particulate matter has been collected from within,and proximal to, an opencast coal mine in south Wales. Thiswork forms the first part of a three year project to collectand characterise, then determine the possible toxicology ofairborne particles in the south Wales region. High-resolutionField Emission SEM has shown that the coal mine dusts consistlargely of an assemblage of mineral grains and vehicle exhaustparticles. SEM-EDX has shown that the mineralogical make-up ofthe PM10 is complex, heterogeneous, and constantly changing.These findings are supported by analytical TEM-EPXMA.However, patterns can be determined relating the mineralogicalcomposition of the airborne particles to collection locationsand mining activities within the opencast. At our studyopencast, Park Slip West, quartz, which has known healtheffects, never exceeded 30% of the total collection mass, andaverage levels were much less. Vehicle exhaust emissions wasthe largest source in terms of particle numbers. The mass ofairborne particulate matter within the pit averagedapproximately twice that of outside the pit: importantlyhowever, this higher mass was due to relatively large, andnon-respirable, mineral grains. This study demonstrates that the physicochemical andmineralogical characterisation of airborne particles frommining and quarrying is essential to quantify the respirablefraction, and to identify potentially hazardous componentswithin the PM10.     

铀尾矿库中核素U(Ⅵ)的扩散迁移试验

利用自制的设备,采用水平土柱吸渗法,测定了不同参数土壤中铀溶液的质量浓度,通过Fick扩散第二定律推导的公式计算其扩散系数。并对比氯离子迁移试验,探讨了时间、距离、土质、孔隙度等对铀扩散的影响,进而研究尾矿库中核素U(Ⅵ)的运移扩散规律。结果表明:铀和氯离子在砂质土壤中的扩散均比在黏质土壤中快,氯离子在黏土中的扩散系数D=0.354×10~(-3)m~3/d,在砂土中的扩散系数D=1.830×10~(-3)m~3/d,铀在黏土的扩散系数D=0.950×10~(-3)m~3/d,在砂土中的扩散系数D=1.623×10~(-3)m~3/d;铀在土壤中的质量浓度随扩散时间延长逐渐增大,且与扩散距离呈比例关系;铀在土壤中的扩散系数随土壤孔隙度增大而变大。