贵州省贫困农村氟污染现状及贡献源分析

选取了纳雍县四个贫困村寨(阳光、熊块、光明和红星)作为研究对象,对居民所用的炉灶、燃料及灰渣、部分食物及室内空气进行了调查和样品采集,使用氟离子选择电极法测定了样品中氟的含量,分析了氟污染的贡献量。研究结果表明,当地约有87%的农民使用无烟囱的简易敞炉和蜂窝煤炉,燃料中约80.5%为拌泥煤和蜂窝煤。块煤、粉煤、拌泥煤和蜂窝煤中氟的平均含量分别为57.85±27.64mg/kg、83.03±47.10mg/kg、199.41±113.61mg/kg和83.11±44.16mg/kg,而拌煤粘土中氟的平均含量为566.08±266.65mg/kg,最高达到1132.81mg/kg;食用的辣椒、玉米粒及玉米面中氟的平均含量分别为573.52±296.78mg/kg、23.16±12.79mg/kg和9.20±2.74mg/kg,而辣椒中的最高含量达到了1273.92mg/kg。室内空气中氟含量在采暖期和非采暖期分别为13.66±3.01μg/m3、1.28±0.76μg/m3。拌泥煤和蜂窝煤中氟的释放率分别为66.31%和43.76%。拌泥煤中的黏土中的氟仍是主要的氟源,主要通过食用辣椒进入体内。     

糠醛树脂防砂工艺在临盘油田的应用

针对临盘油田盘河区块地层砂粒细、泥质含量偏高,导致油井实施高压充填防砂后大面积堵塞、小井眼防砂措施有效率偏低两方面的问题,成功试验引进糠醛树脂防砂工艺。2010年初至2011年末,共在临盘油田试验22口井,有效率达86.3%,累计增油13 319.1t。该技术在临盘油田的成功应用,为同类油藏的防砂和开发提供了宝贵的经验和数据,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Dibenzo-p-dioxins in the environment from ceramics and pottery produced from ball clay mined in the United States

Processed ball clay samples used in the production of ceramics and samples of the ceramic products were collected and analyzed for the presence and concentration of the 2,3,7,8-Cl substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/PCDFs). The processed ball clay had average PCDD concentrations of 3.2 ng/g toxic equivalents, a congener profile, and isomer distribution consistent with those found previously in raw ball clay. The PCDF concentrations were below the average limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 pg/g. The final fired ceramic products were found to be free of PCDDs/PCDFs at the LODs. A consideration of the conditions involved in the firing process suggests that the PCDDs, if not destroyed, may be released to the atmosphere and could represent an as yet unidentified source of dioxins to the environment. In addition, the PCDDs in clay dust generated during manufacturing operations may represent a potential occupational exposure.     

用于固体废弃物填埋场中的两种复合防渗系统的比较

土工膜 (GM) +压实性粘土 (CCL)的复合防渗层在固体废物填埋场的防渗系统中已较为常用 ,它的防渗效果比单独的GM或CCL要好得多 ;但是 ,这种复合防渗层也存在着一些缺陷。GM +GCL是一种革新的复合防渗系统 ,其中的GCL是对CCL一种有效的替代。本文从一般情况下透过复合防渗层的渗漏量、GM与GCL或CCL的接触情况、冻融和不均匀沉降的影响 ,施工简易程度、节约成本六个方面对 2种复合防渗层作了较为全面的比较。并结合工程实例 ,对 2种复合防渗层用于填埋场封顶系统的情况作了具体的比较。     

垃圾渗滤液对压实黏土工程特性的影响规律及微观机理

为研究垃圾填埋场渗滤液对压实黏土的影响,开展了垃圾渗滤液侵蚀作用下黏土的含水率、比重、剪切和渗透试验,研究渗滤液浓度及侵蚀时间对黏土工程性质的影响规律,分析渗滤液污染黏土的工程特性。通过SEM试验研究渗滤液对底部压实黏土衬垫的侵蚀机理。研究结果表明:渗滤液侵蚀对黏土的各项工程性质有较大的影响,随着渗滤液浓度及浸泡时间的增加,浸泡后的黏土渗透性、比重和剪切强度均减小,而含水率增大。渗滤液对黏土的侵蚀主要来自其化学成分的吸附、粘结及水化学作用。压实黏土强度的变化会给填埋场的稳定性带来安全隐患。该成果可为垃圾填埋场的安全设计提供理论和数据支持。     

由天然钠基膨润土直接合成钛柱撑膨润土的研究

以高庙子天然钠基膨润土为原料,钛酸正丁酯在pH=2~5环境下水解聚合成柱撑剂,水热法制备了钛柱撑膨润土(Ti-pillaredclay,Ti-PILC)。采用X-射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积分析仪(BET)分析了产物的结构和形貌。探讨了制备Ti-PILC的工艺参数对结构的影响。结果表明:Ti-PILC呈片层桥结的多孔结构;钛柱撑剂撑开的d001层间距为1.860 8~2.481 3 nm;比表面积由31 m2/g增加到191 m2/g。柱撑最佳工艺参数为:钛/土比30 mmol/g,反应时间为3 h,反应温度为100℃。     

西北某粘土矿水动力弥散系数的室内测定

使用室内水平土柱吸渗法测试了西北某粘土矿水动力弥散系数,根据测定的土壤中含水量动态数据,计算了非饱和粘土的水动力弥散系数,并建立了该土壤水动力弥散系数与质量含水率之间的关系。该方法物理概念清楚,计算公式简单实用。     

考虑地层蠕变特性的盾构隧道施工对邻近桥桩影响和保护措施*

为探讨地层蠕变特性盾构隧道施工对邻近桥桩变形影响,基于Burgers模型建立本构数值模型,并采用FLAC3D软件进行计算。结果表明:盾构隧道贯通后,邻近桥梁承台基础变形持续增加,变形趋于稳定至少需要1 a时间,且累计变形值将超过桥梁桩基础允许变形值;提出隔离桩和盾构隧道周围地层注浆加固2种保护措施。研究结果可为评估盾构隧道施工对邻近桥桩影响程度和制定邻近桥桩保护措施提供参考。     

Effects of soil composition on solid phase microextraction determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides

The influence of organic matter and clay contents on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) determination of triazine and organophosphorus pesticides in different soils was studied. The results of the study showed that content of soil organic matter dominantly participated in sorption of triazines (simazine, atrazine and prometryn) to soil, while sorption of organophosphorus pesticides (phorate and tebupirimfos) could not be explained only by contents of dominant soil sorption components (soil organic matter and clay). Sorption of all pesticides studied to different soil types was similar at their lower concentrations while the influence of soil composition was expressed at higher concentration levels. Except for phorate, the obtained sorption trends were different from those obtained by direct SPME mode (DM-SPME) and exhaustive liquid-solid extraction (LSE) method. These results indicated that most likely co-extractants from the analyzed medium complicated evaporation and diffusion of the pesticides to the PDMS fiber during HS-SPME sampling.