Adsorption/Desorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Solid Substrates and Relevant Biodegradation

The rates and extents of absorption and desorption of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) samples on different solid substrates comprising montmorillonite, quartz sand, and farm soil, as well as humic acid mixture are reported. The uptake of PVA by the substrates was analyzed as a function of PVA hydrolysis (72–98%), molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. Higher adsorption was detected on montmorillonite followed by farm soil, whereas the quartz sand did not display any specific adsorption affinity for the PVA. An increase in the hydrolysis degree of PVA increased the adsorption rate and extent whereas this feature was reversed by an increase in PVA molecular weight. The desorption of PVA samples from the different substrates was performed both under various pH conditions and in the presence of concentrated HF that was used to dissolve the silicon derivatives present in the substrates. Biodegradation experiments carried out in liquid cultures of PVA adsorbed on montmorillonite showed that the mineralization of the adsorbed PVA was much lower than that detected for the nonadsorbed PVA. This investigation suggests that irreversible adsorption of PVA on the clay component occurs in soil, thus substantially inhibiting PVA biodegradation.     

粘土矿物比率对沙尘源区的指示

为了探讨中国北方沙尘源区矿物组成特征并建立沙尘气溶胶的矿物示踪指标,在亚太地区气溶胶特征实验(ACE-Asia)期间对新疆阿克苏、甘肃敦煌、陕西榆林和内蒙古通辽沙尘气溶胶的矿物组成进行了研究.结果显示,中国主要沙尘源区沙尘气溶胶中高岭石与绿泥石的比率存在明显差异,西部沙尘源区(以阿克苏站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值较小(平均值为0.3),而北部沙尘源区(以榆林站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值相对较高(平均值为0.7).沉降区长武尘暴样品的粘土矿物比率和气团轨迹分析证实,在区域范围,高岭石与绿泥石的比值为较好的沙尘源区矿物示踪指标.而亚洲沙尘与撒哈拉沙尘的对比显示,高岭石与绿泥石的比值在全球范围有着沙尘源区指示的意义.     

不同农业利用方式下湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物学组成与表面电荷特性

用X-射线衍射分析技术和化学方法研究不同农业利用方式对湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育土壤的粘粒矿物学组成和表面电荷特性的影响．结果表明：湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物组成以高岭石为主，其次是1．4nm过渡矿物．经过人为耕种尤其在水田条件下，蛭石和水云母的含量增加，铁的活化度增大．土壤表面电荷数量（CECpH3.2、CECp、CECv、AEC）和电荷零点（pH）的值也发生相应的改变．     

改性粘土预处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的吸附热力学和动力学研究

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对粘土进行改性,通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、热分析技术对改性粘土进行表征,分析作用机理;并将改性粘土用于垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理,对处理过程的吸附热力学和动力学性能进行研究。研究表明:粘土经过改性后,改性粘土的层间间距增大了0.754 nm;在303.15 K,313.15 K,333.15 K不同温度下,粘土吸附渗滤液中氨氮的平衡的时间为50 min左右,改性后的粘土吸附效果比原土提高了大约2~3倍;改性粘土对氨氮的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型;吸附过程标准摩尔吉布斯自由能△G~θ在-0.127 kJ/mol^-0.080 kJ/mol范围内,标准摩尔焓变△H~θ<0,吸附反应过程均属自发的放热过程;吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学方程和粒子内扩散方程。     

安徽明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源的开发利用

安徽明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源丰富，在我国稀有非金属矿产资源中占有重要地位。通过调查明光市凹凸棒石粘土资源、的基本状况和开发利用现状特征，分析了资源开发利用中存在的问题，提出了可持续发展的对策建议。     

瓷土矿尾矿沙山的生态治理

以江西省星子县大排岭瓷土矿尾矿沙山的初始生态恢复进程为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,通过分析人工恢复林地、未治理迹地与自然恢复地中定居的植物物种数量、群落组成与结构来研究当地尾矿沙山生态恢复进程.结果显示,自然恢复地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构效果优于未治理迹地与人工恢复林地的生物多样性及群落组成与结构.自然恢复地植物物种中牡荆等3种植物在尾矿沙山的定居和扩散形成了具有一定组成与结构的植物群落类型,且这种群落类型稳定并符合植被演替的自然规律.这3种先锋植物可以在同类矿山尾矿沙山的植被重建与恢复中推广.      

卫生填埋场黏土衬层密实性试验研究

开展卫生填埋场中的黏土衬层密实性试验研究对填埋场的工程设计和后期运营具有现实意义.黏土压实的直接影响之一就是孔隙率的减小,并改变黏土的电阻率,为高密度电阻率法在衬层密实性中的调查研究提供了前提条件和物理基础.文章采用高密度电阻率法三种装置(测深、温纳、偶极-偶极)进行对比测量,通过电阻率成像技术对压实黏土的电性特征进行...     

氯化镧改性黏土固化湖泊底泥中磷的研究

用氯化镧对14种黏土进行改性并研究了这些改性黏土固化磷的效果.研究了pH对改性高岭土磷吸附率和镧离子溶出的影响.结果表明,通过氯化镧改性,不同黏土的磷固定率由改性前的3%～14%提高到改性后的52%～95%.氯化镧改性高岭土在pH为5时,达到磷吸附率的最大值94.85%,并在pH值4～8范围内,保持较高的磷吸附率（>80%）.在pH>6.5的范围,La³⁺溶出浓度低于0.0178 mg/L.     

有机黏土对污染土中HCH的固定及黑麦草生长的影响

在温室条件下,利用黑麦草盆栽实验研究了有机黏土对污染土壤中六六六的吸附固定效果及其对黑麦草生长的影响.结果表明, 添加有机黏土可以有效固定污染土中的六六六,降低其移动性和生物有效性,减少六六六在黑麦草中的积累.与对照相比,添加1%~8%有机黏土可固定土壤中50.4%~78.5%的六六六,当添加比例为8%时,黑麦草地上部分和根系中六六六的含量分别降低了53.9%~87.6%和37.4%~56.6%,各种处理的效果与对照相比均达到显著差异(P < 0.05).添加1%~4%有机黏土,能有效促进黑麦草茎叶部分的生长.     

Effects of the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on nitrate (NO3--N) and potassium (K) leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) or urea could reduce NO3--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium (NH4 -N) leaching increased slightly. In case of total N (NO3--N NH4 -N), losses by leaching during the experimental period (40 d) were 37.93 mg (urea), 31.61 mg (urea DMPP), 108.10 mg (ASN), 60.70 mg (ASN DMPP) in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg (urea), 21.05 mg (urea DMPP), 37.86 mg (ASN), 31. 09 mg (ASN DMPP) in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4 -N and low levels of NO3--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in potassium leached less, but the difference was not significant except the treatment ASN and ASN DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.