清洁生产审核中无/低费方案的产生及实施

清洁生产审核是实施清洁生产最有效的,也是最具可操作性的方法。在清洁生产审核预评估和评估阶段提出可行的无/低费方案,并按照"边审核边实施"的原则对所提的无/低费方案加以实施,能够使企业在短时间内达到"节能、降耗、减污、增效"的目的。以某化肥企业为例,找出企业存在的问题,评估企业的产排污情况,有针对性地提出了无/低费方案,并得以实施,为企业创造了一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术评价方法研究

在分析钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术范围与特点的基础上,通过循环经济3R原则、清洁生产技术评价的方法调研并结合生命周期理论,建立了钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术的分析评价方法模型,并采用德尔菲方法进行专家多轮讨论修正,完善了模型的评价体系,为我国钢铁行业推行循环经济与清洁生产技术提供理论和技术支持。     

企业如何实现真正意义上的节能减排

面对严峻的能源及环境形势,国家大力推行企业节能减排工作。部分企业在节能减排工作中出现了过分追求污染物处理效率,盲目投资建设末端治理设施而忽略生产过程中的污染控制。针对这一问题分析原因,并对企业如何实施节能减排,实现真正意义上的降低能源消耗、减少污染物排放提出建议,通过加强企业管理,促进企业清洁生产及着力技术创新、加大科技投入,使企业实质性地完成节能减排目标,实现可持续发展。     

厌氧和好氧处理过程中四环素抗药基因的丰度

为了了解抗生素生产废水不同处理过程(厌氧生物处理和好氧生物处理)中抗药基因的行为,本文以两种四环素(土霉素、金霉素)生产废水处理系统为调查对象,采用PCR和实时定量PCR(qPCR)方法考察厌氧和好氧处理过程中常见的6种四环素抗药基因(tet(A), tet(C), tet(G), tet(Q), tet(W), tet(X))及2种转移因子(I型整合子intI1, 异常插入序列ISCR3)的丰度特征.结果表明,tet(C)在所有样品中均未检出,其它基因在所有样品中检出.四环素生产废水处理系统中,厌氧污泥中tet(A)、tet(G)、tet(X)的相对丰度(与16S rRNA基因的比值)范围为(1.25±0.16)×10^-4~(4.52±0.002)×10^-2,显著低于好氧污泥[(9.88±0.67)×10^-5~(2.70±0.29)×10^-1],而tet(Q)、tet(W)在厌氧污泥中的相对丰度为(1.66±0.03)×10^-2~(7.48±1.22)×10^-2,比好氧污泥中[(1.94±0.12)×10^-3~(2.85±0.16)×10^-2]高1个数量级;转移因子intI1和ISCR3在厌氧污泥中相对丰度范围为(1.48±0.01)×10^-3~(2.61±0.31)×10^-2,显著低于好氧污泥[(1.18±0.15)×10^-1~(8.99±0.75)×10^-1],表明厌氧处理过程中由这两种转移因子介导的水平转移潜力较小.研究表明,好氧处理促进了tet(A)、tet(G)、tet(X)的传播,但对tet(Q)和tet(W)有控制效果,而厌氧处理过程与之相反.抗药基因的分布与水平转移因子、抗药机制、群落结构有关.     

Effects of bicarbonate and cathode potential on hydrogen production in a biocathode electrolysis cell

A biocathode with microbial catalyst in place of a noble metal was successfully developed for hydrogen evolution in a microbial electrolysis cell （MEC）. The strategy for fast biocathode cultivation was demonstrated. An exoelectrogenic reaction was initially extended with an H2-full atmosphere to enrich Ha-utilizing bacteria in a MEC bioanode. This bioanode was then inversely polarized with an applied voltage in a half-cell to enrich the hydrogen-evolving biocathode. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） kinetics of the biocathode MEC could be enhanced by increasing the bicarbonate buffer concentration from 0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.5 mol· L-1 and/or by decreasing the cathode potential from -0.9 V to - 1.3 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode （SCE）. Within the tested potential region in this study, the HER rate of the biocathode MEC was primarily influenced by the microbial catalytic capability. In addition, increasing bicarbonate concentration enhances the electric migration rate of proton carriers. As a consequence, more mass H＋ can be released to accelerate the biocathode-catalyzed HER rate. A hydrogen production rate of 8.44 m3. m 3. d1 with a current density of 951.6 A. m-3 was obtained using the biocathode MEC under a cathode potential of - 1.3 V vs. SCE and 0.4 mol· L-1 bicarbonate. This study provided information on the optimization of hydrogen production in biocathode MEC and expanded the practical applications thereof.     

我国生产安全卫生法律法规体系的特点

2010年底中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成,也包括生产安全卫生法律法规体系的形成。作为中国特色社会主义法律体系组成部分的生产安全卫生法律法规体系必将具有中国特色社会主义的性质;我国处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段,所以生产安全卫生法律法规体系具有社会主义初级阶段的阶段性特征;我国的生产安全卫生法制早经过了革命法制阶段,但还没有完全进入到平衡法制阶段,主体处于管制法制阶段;我国生产安全卫生法调节的是劳动者与业主的劳动安全卫生关系,生产安全卫生法律法规体系属于社会法部门。     

化学氧呼吸器的现状与发展趋势

随着人类社会的发展进步,对生产安全和应急救生用呼吸器的需求越来越旺盛,化学氧呼吸器已经成为重要的研究方向。介绍了化学氧呼吸器的工作原理和发展历程以及技术现状,分析比较了化学氧呼吸器的优缺点。在此基础上指出,优化产氧装置、开发高效冷却技术、降低整体体积和重量、制定技术标准和开发检测技术是化学氧呼吸器研究开发重要而又迫切的任务。     

Changes in glucose uptake rate and in the energy status of PC-12 cells acutely exposed to hexavalent chromium,an established human carcinogen

In the 1920s, Otto Warburg reported a striking metabolic shift in solid tumors: contrary to their normal counter parts, which exhibited a nearly pure respiratory metabolism, where cancer cells relied strongly on lactic fermentation for energy production, even in the presence of ample oxygen. This metabolic shift, later named the Warburg effect, is now viewed as a nearly universal cancer phenotype. To investigate whether it is operating in hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-induced carcinogenesis, PC-12 cells were exposed to low Cr(VI) concentrations and effects determined on the rates of glucose uptake, lactate production and oxygen consumption, critical indicators of the type of energy metabolism adopted by the cells. Further, the influence on the cells’ energy charge, an important parameter in the evaluation of the cellular physiological state was assessed. In the presence of ample oxygen, concentration-dependent, statistically significant decreases in the energy charge were detected, which were accompanied by an increased glucose uptake rate. This enhanced uptake may constitute the first step in a compensatory mechanism aimed at counteracting the decrease in energy charge. Although these changes may be too small to exert an impact in the cellular functions, they may provide insight into the initial steps of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis.     

猪粪与秸秆协同发酵产热及溶解性有机质的转化特征

采用量热计法和三维荧光光谱,分别对猪粪发酵产热不同阶段温度、热值以及溶解性有机质(DOM)的转化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:在不同C/N(猪糞与芦苇秸秆物料配比)的4组发酵产热试验中,纯猪粪发酵产热温度高于室温时间达到60d,累积热量损失最多达8.862kJ/g,是增温技术最为理想的配比;随着发酵产热的进行,纯猪粪发酵产热样品中类蛋白化合物荧光比值(P_1,n+P_2,n,0.625~0.546)逐渐减少,类富里酸物质荧光比值(P_3,n,0.140~0.173)与类胡敏酸物质荧光比值(P_5,n,0.051~0.097)逐渐增多,腐殖化程度逐渐加强,但是与其他各组相比其腐殖酸类物质增加最少,腐殖化程度最低;不同C/N物料产热过程中,尽管不同区域的荧光强度与热值的相关性不同,但不同C/N物料释放的热量均来源于微生物对简单有机化合物的分解.      

Removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution using PEG based aqueous biphasic system

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salt have been examined for the removal of textile dyes from textile effluent. The partitioning of four dyes namely Cibacron Scarlet LS 2G, Rhodamine B, Brown ERN and Astacryl Red 3B was investigated. All the dyes studied were found to partition into the upper PEG rich layer. Sodium carbonate was found to be the most efficient salt for extraction of dyes. Sodium sulphate was found to be marginally less efficient. Sodium chloride did not cause partitioning at all. Partitioning occurred at all pH and was almost pH independent. The partitioning of these dyes in larger volume (100?mL) ABS was also demonstrated. Studies using dye bath effluent were also conducted. In all cases very high efficiencies consistently above 98% were obtained.