论清洁生产和工业企业管理

清洁生产是从８０年代末发展起来的一种新的、创造性的保护环境战略措施，其中心思想是通过对生产进行全过程控制达到节能、降耗、减污的目的。本文介绍了清洁生产的基本概念，并通过分析和总结我国一些工业企业实行清洁生产的结果，论述清洁生产和工业企业管理的关系。     

Toxic Effects of Crude Oil Combined with Oil Cleaner Simple Green on Yolk-sac Larvae and Adult Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (4 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope Cleaner CRYSTAL Simple Green (SG) was used for the cleanup of the oil spill in the Baltic Sea near Lithuania in 2001. No scientific data are available on the effects and consequences of its application for local aquatic life. The aim of this study was to determine and compare sublethal effects of a) solution SG; b) crude oil alone; c) SG in combination with oil on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at different stages of its development in laboratory conditions.Methods Laboratory studies were performed on adult rainbow trout (4-day duration) and on yolk-sac larvae (25-day duration) evaluating their biological parameters. Concentrations of water-soluble and thin-dispersed fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography.Results and Discussion SG solution (0.5 mg/l) did not affect the survival of larvae and adult fish, and no significant changes were determined in respiratory parameters of the exposed larvae and adult fish. The most expressed alterations were found in morphological parameters (a decrease in the average body mass) of larvae and in haematological indices (a decrease in the leukocyte count) of adult fish at the end of the tests. Crude oil (1610 mg/l) did not affect the survival of adult fish during the 4-day exposure. An increase in larvae mortality rate (~ 36%) was recorded at the end of the tests. A significant decrease in the average body mass and heart rate of larvae as well as in gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish were determined. SG combined with oil induced an increase in larval mortality  46% of individuals died at the end of the tests. No mortality was recorded in adult fish. The average body mass and heart rate of larvae were significantly decreased. Marked changes were also found in respiratory parameters (gill ventilation frequency of larvae and adult fish significantly decreased, while “coughing” rate increased). A 1-day, 2-day exposure of fish to SG combined with oil induced a significant decrease in the leukocyte count of adult fish, which was also determined at the end of the tests. The augmentation of adverse impact could be explained by the data obtained from our studies. When SG was added into dilution water with crude oil the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the mixture increased 3 ~ 4.5 times after 24 h and 96 h, respectively. Conclusions The comparative study of the effects of crude oil alone, SG and SG combined with oil showed that their toxic effects on fish differed. Oil combined with SG was found to be more toxic to fish (larvae and adults) than SG alone and oil alone. Fish at early stages of development (yolk-sac larvae) were more sensitive to the effects of the compounds studied than adults.Recommendations and Outlook To diminish the negative impact of oil spill cleanup using chemicals on aquatic ecosystems, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive studies of their effects and after-effects in laboratory conditions using a wide scale of local aquatic organisms. The selected species of the most sensitive aquatic organisms should include those which are unable to escape the impact of combined action of oil and cleaners. Special attention should be directed to the research of effects of these pollutants on studied organisms at their most sensitive stages of life (reproduction, hatching, early stages of development), as after-effects of exposure to pollutants may be observed in future generations.     

清洁生产在低碳经济中的战略地位与实践探析

以低碳经济提出的大环境为背景,阐述了低碳经济的内涵与发展,重点分析了清洁生产在低碳经济中的不可替代的作用和地位,并以丹东某硼化工企业为成功案例,论述了企业在实际生产过程中运用清洁生产理念发展低碳经济的经验,旨在为企业发展低碳经济提供思路与借鉴。     

磷矿山清洁生产评价指标体系的构建——以贵阳市磷矿山为例

通过对磷矿山清洁生产评价指标选取原则和筛选方法的确定。并结合磷矿山的实际情况,经过多次专家咨询,从而筛选出适合磷矿山清洁生产的具体评价指标。并按层次分析法（AHP）的特点确定目标层、准则层、指标层、指标因子层四个层次,其中,目标层有1项;准则层有6项;指标层有28项;指标因子层有9项,最后建立磷矿山清洁生产评价指标体系,这将为磷矿采选业清洁生产评价提供技术支持和导向,从而有助于磷矿企业推行清洁生产技术,实现可持续发展。     

清洁生产审核中基于资源、能源审核重点的评估方法

清洁生产审核是节能减排战略实施的重要手段,通常清洁生产审核一般分为七个阶段,35个步骤。其中评估阶段是对组织审核重点的原材料消耗、生产过程以及资源浪费的产生进行审核。当前进行的清洁生产审核工作重点关注的是污染物排放,对于能源节约方面的评估尚不多见。文章以资源、能源为审核重点,结合案例对评估阶段中采用的数据分析方法和资源、能源E—P图的绘制和分析进行了探讨,并从八个方面讨论了如何来查找造成资源、能源浪费的原因。     

区域清洁生产评价模式探讨

区域清洁生产提供了有效解决地区性重大环境问题的途径。介绍了区域清洁生产理论基础之后,论述了区域清洁生产的实施模式,并建立了完整的经济环境评价模型,为区域清洁生产的实施提供了参考依据。     

推行清洁生产 促进黑龙江省循环经济发展

当前,黑龙江省＂高污染、高消耗、低产出＂的传统经济发展模式越来越受到资源瓶颈和生态环境的制约,提高资源利用率,减少废弃物的产生成为当前迫切解决的问题。因此寻找促进发展循环经济的方法成为黑龙江省转变经济增长方式的必然选择。清洁生产,就是在确保产品满足人类物质文化需要的前提下,通过不断改进管理和推进技术进步等措施,达到提高资源利用率、减少乃至消除污染物的产生,使其生产过程和产品对人类和环境危害最小的目的。清洁生产是解决经济发展与环境矛盾的重要手段,是生态产业发展的基础,更是实现黑龙江省循环经济发展的重要途径。     

企业清洁生产与末端治理的比较——以江苏大型竣工验收企业为例

从基本概念和具体应用对末端治理和清洁生产进行了比较分析,指出末端治理存在不少弊端,难以适应可持续发展的需要,清洁生产具有良好的环境经济效益,建议我国的工业污染防治应大力拓展清洁生产的深度和广度,环保部门应该加强指导和研究。促进清洁生产发展,改进末端治理,是从提高市场竞争力和环境保护成效两个方面促进社会经济又好又快协调发展的必然措施。     

石油炼制业污染防治与清洁生产

石油炼制业是国民经济的支柱行业,直接关系到整个国民经济的发展,它不仅提供各种石油产品,同时也为石油化工、化纤、化肥等工业提供原料。同时,石油炼制业也是污染物排放大户,在生产过程中产生大量废水、废气、固体废物,对人体健康和环境造成了一定潜在的影响。石油产品和中间产品多为易燃、易爆、有毒、有害的化学物质,在生产、储运和使用过程中,会对大气、水域、湖泊、土壤、环境造成危害,必须采取有效的方法加以预防和治理。而实施清洁生产可以有效的帮助石油炼制业节能资源、减少排污。     

清洁生产审核工作中几个问题浅析

介绍了长期从事清洁生产咨询和培训工作中常遇到的问题,并提出了看法。