崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地CO_2通量贡献区分析

利用通量贡献区模型(FSAM)对崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地生长季和非生长季的CO2通量贡献区(Footprint)进行分析,结果表明:(1)135°~225°方向为生长季主风向,而315°~45°方向为非生长季主风向。(2)在生长季主风向,大气稳定状态下的Footprint函数取得最大值时的位置(Xm)为96.84 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向41.04~378.20 m、垂直迎风向-79.73~79.73 m范围内;而大气不稳定状态下的Xm为75.28 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向33.83~257.07 m、垂直迎风向-82.29~82.29 m范围内。在非生长季主风向,大气稳定状态下的Xm为82.68 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向36.73~282.49 m、垂直迎风向-120.31~120.31 m范围内;而大气不稳定状态下的Xm为56.49 m,90%的通量信息来源于迎风向25.90~179.90 m、垂直迎风向-76.30~76.30 m范围内。(3)非主风向贡献区分布与主风向有相似的规律。在生长季和非生长季,大气稳定状态下的贡献区面积均要大于大气不稳定状态下的贡献区面积;而在相同的大气稳定状态下,生长季的贡献区面积要大于非生长季。(4)在非生长季,主风向观测的垂直迎风向范围要远大于其他风向,这可能和该条件下的横向风速脉动标准差与摩擦风速的比值(σv/u*)较大有关。     

生态型组合人工湿地污水处理工艺

建立了由生物调节池、好氧降解与微生物培养池、潜流湿地和表流湿地组成的生态型污水处理组合工艺系统,用以处理生活污水和试验室废水。系统连续运行2年的处理效果持续稳定,出水水质达到国家(GB 18918-2002)1级排放标准。该工艺的建设成本和运行成本低,用地面积小于2 m2/t,建设成本为300~500元/t,运行耗电量小于0.1元/t,管理维护等费用约为0.1元/t,运行合计费用小于0.2元/t,该生态型组合人工湿地所具有的环境效益、经济效益及社会效益,对于处理水量不大、水质变化不太大,管理水平不太高的广大中小城镇、居民小区尤其适用。     

江苏沿海地区海洋灾害类型及其防治探讨

根据江苏沿海地区的地质地貌及气候的特点,综合分析了危害江苏沿海的海洋灾害类型,主要有海洋地质灾害、气候灾害和生物灾害等三种类型。地质灾害主要包括海岸侵蚀、海岸坍塌、和海平面上升;气候灾害主要包括台风风暴潮;生物灾害主要包括赤潮、湿地滩涂面积缩小等。提出相应的防治措施:(1)加强对海岸带地质背景和地质灾害研究,应用GIS和RS等先进技术建立海洋灾害信息系统;(2)加强海防工程建设,加高海堤提高质量,以防御灾害性海浪、风暴潮等侵袭;(3)应用生态学原理,建立沿海生态防护网,增强对风暴潮抵御能力保护沿海湿地资源;(4)加强对海洋灾害及防御知识的教育和对防灾减灾的管理等。     

湿地甲烷的产生、氧化及排放通量研究进展

甲烷研究已倍受科学界关注,不仅由于其对全球变暖的贡献仅次于二氧化碳,贡献率达25%,还因为单分子甲烷的增值潜势是二氧化碳的15~30倍.湿地是甲烷的重要来源,估计湿地生态系统对全球甲烷排放的贡献率约为20%,即为100~200Tg a?1.湿地甲烷在厌氧条件下产生,在土壤氧化层以及根际中部分氧化,然后通过土壤、水体和植物体排放到大气中去.就近10a来湿地甲烷产生、氧化、传输过程及其影响因素等的研究进展进行了综述.产甲烷菌的研究主要集中在其对环境因子的生理生态和分子生物学,尤其集中在稻田产甲烷菌的研究上,因此在深度和广度上都有待突破.产甲烷过程是一个复杂的生化过程,要对甲烷排放量估计、甲烷排放动态研究以及在甲烷排放建模等方面取得进展,必需在甲烷产生机制上进行突破.甲烷氧化菌的研究集中于菌群对环境的适应以及其自身氧化能力上,应用研究还不是很深入.甲烷氧化过程的研究已经有了一定的深度,但氧化过程具体机理的研究还有待进一步深入,这需要分子生物学以及基因组学等多学科的交叉.甲烷传输过程是研究甲烷排放动态的基础,目前相关研究较少,国内有关研究主要集中在稻田研究上,对高寒湿地的研究则几乎是空白.湿地甲烷通量的研究是目前温室气体研究的热点问题,但主要解决的问题是大气中甲烷气体浓度增加与湿地甲烷通量的关系.湿地甲烷通量是由多种因素决定的,对影响湿地甲烷通量的因素的研究相当丰富,特别是近年来对生物因素的关注.由于学科的发展,近10a在这方面的研究较之过去更为全面和系统.图1表1参68     

Sulfur mediated heavy metal biogeochemical cycles in coastal wetlands: From sediments,rhizosphere to vegetation

• In sediments, the transformation of sulfides may lead to the release of heavy metals. • In the rhizosphere, sulfur regulates the uptake of heavy metals by plants. • In plants, sulfur mediates a series of heavy metal tolerance mechanisms. • Explore interactions between sulfur and heavy metals on different scales is needed. The interactions and mechanisms between sulfur and heavy metals are a growing focus of biogeochemical studies in coastal wetlands. These issues underline the fate of heavy metals bound in sediments or released into the system through sediments. Despite the fact that numerous published studies have suggested sulfur has a significant impact on the bioavailability of heavy metals accumulated in coastal wetlands, to date, no review article has systematically summarized those studies, particularly from the perspective of the three major components of wetland ecosystems (sediments, rhizosphere, and vegetation). The present review summarizes the studies published in the past four decades and highlights the major achievements in this field. Research and studies available thus far indicate that under anaerobic conditions, most of the potentially bioavailable heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments are fixed as precipitates, such as metal sulfides. However, fluctuations in physicochemical conditions may affect sulfur cycling, and hence, directly or indirectly lead to the conversion and migration of heavy metals. In the rhizosphere, root activities and microbes together affect the speciation and transformation of sulfur which in turn mediate the migration of heavy metals. As for plant tissues, tolerance to heavy metals is enhanced by sulfur-containing compounds via promoting a series of chelation and detoxification processes. Finally, to further understand the interactions between sulfur and heavy metals in coastal wetlands, some major future research directions are proposed.     

长江经济带湿地空间格局变化及其保护修复对策研究

基于1980年、1995年、2005年和2015年4期土地利用/覆被解译数据,以长江经济带湿地为研究对象,分析了长江经济带湿地的空间格局变化,结果表明:(1)长江经济带湿地主要分布在长江中下游;(2)1980—2015年,长江经济带湿地消失和新生并存,长江经济带的河流湿地和沼泽湿地呈减少趋势,湖泊和库塘湿地呈增加趋势,...     

Dissolved oxygen content as an index of water quality in San Vicente Bay,Chile (36 degrees 45'S)

The present report describes some effects of industrial and municipal effluents on the waters of San Vicente Bay. Analyses ofthe main substances contained in the fishing industry effluentsuggest rating criteria based on the oxygen saturation of thewater as an assessment of organic pollution. Six cruises were carried out throughout the Bay, from June to December 1996. Watersamples were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, oil and grease content, and sediment samples for organic matter content. Waterparameters (salinity, temperature) were used to characterize theBay's hydrography, and to calculate values for oxygen saturation. The measurements demonstrated a local broad range of oxygen deficit, with a maximum of 45% in the winter to 95% in the spring. In November more than 65% of the Bay's area showed oxygendeficits greater than 40%. Organic matter was unusually high insediments along the northern sector of the Bay. The results suggest that the oxygen depletion was a representative parameterfor establishing a relative scale of water quality in this Bay.     

Vulnerability Assessment of Sea Level Rise Over Port Said Governorate, Egypt

An assessment of the impact of sea level rise on the city of Port Said, Egypt has been carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Bruun's is used to estimate horizontal retreat, due to three scenarios of sea level rise, taking into account local subsidence rates. Overlaying horizontal retreat on land use obtained by remote sensing enabled us to estimate possible losses and socio-economic impacts. Results indicate serious physical and socio-economic impacts. It is suggested that protection measures must be carried out with emphasis on building breakwaters along the most vulnerable shoreline area.     

人工湿地污水处理对三种植物光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

人工湿地环境下,湿地植物的光合代谢过程与陆生自然环境有较大的不同.通过对人工湿地三种中生植物即薏米(Coixaquatica Roxb)、文殊兰(Crinum asiaticum)和蜘蛛兰(Hymenocallis Americana)进行污水处理,研究人工湿地对植物的光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:(1)与陆地自然环境相比,在人工湿地环境下,薏米,文殊兰和蜘蛛兰的净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),气孔导度(Gs),叶绿素含量,最大荧光(Fm)和PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均降低,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和初始荧光(Fo)升高.其中叶绿素含量,Fo和Fv/Fm在四月份生长旺盛期差异极显著(P<0.01),Gs差异显著(P<0.05).(2)在整个生长期,三种植物的光合参数和荧光参数的变化趋势不是单一的上升或下降,不同植物其变化过程和变化幅度也不一样.蜘蛛兰在生长旺盛期较薏米和文殊兰Pn,Gs,Fv/Fm,Fm,Fo大,而Ci较薏米和文殊兰低.可见人工湿地污水处理对三种植物光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性均有影响,但对各植物影响不一致.综合各项参数,蜘蛛兰耐性强于薏米和文殊兰.     

拔风管对CANON型人工湿地脱氮性能的影响

以猪场沼液为处理对象,探究了拔风管对基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)型潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW)氮素转化性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,拔风管数量可显著影响CANON型TFCW中脱氮功能微生物的数量与活性,进而影响其氮素转化速率.在水力负荷(HLR)≤0.18m3/(m2·d)的前提下,随着拔风管数量由0增...