2013年秦皇岛连续两次降水过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料及卫星资料,从大尺度环流背景和水汽、动力、热力条件出发,对2013年8月底东北冷涡影响下秦皇岛两次降水过程进行对比分析。结果表明：由于处在东北冷涡发展的不同阶段,中低层温度场配置不同,两次过程降水特点极不相同。8月27日降水是一次连续的区域性降水过程,以层状云降水为主,降水均匀连续,8月31日至9月2日是冷涡后部西北气流影响下的数日局地性对流降水,具有很强的突发性。     

低温联合PM2.5对小鼠哮喘气道炎症的影响

为研究低温联合PM_2.5加重哮喘气道炎症的机制,将哮喘模型小鼠随机分为对照组、低温组、PM_2.5组和低温联合PM_2.5暴露组（n=8）,饲养于相应环境（4周）.检测细胞因子（IL-4、IL-6、IL-13、IL-17、转化生长因子TGF-β）、氧化应激指标（丙二醛MDA、谷胱甘肽GSH、超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT）及转录因子（相关孤核受体RORγt、叉头蛋白Foxp3）水平,流式检测Th17和Treg细胞数量差异.结果表明,联合暴露组小鼠支气管炎症细胞浸润最为明显.与对照组相比,其余3组IL-6、IL-17和TGF-β水平均较高,CAT水平较低,以联合暴露组影响最显著.联合暴露组Th17细胞比例最高,Treg细胞比例最低,RORγt水平显著高于低温组和PM_2.5组.方差分析发现联合暴露对IL-4、IL-13、IL-17、MDA及RORγt的升高有交互作用.低温联合PM_2.5可能通过促进RORγt表达,使Th17/Treg极化而加剧肺部炎症.     

2000～2015年中国地级市化肥使用量的时空变化特征

化肥在农业生产中对粮食增产起到至关重要作用,但过量使用也带来诸如地表水富营养化、土壤结构恶化及农业承载力下降等一系列环境问题.目前对于化肥的研究多集中于利用效率方面,而空间变化特征的研究很少,充分认识化肥使用量空间上的变化对我国农业的可持续发展同样具有重要意义.基于2000~2015年全国地级市化肥折纯使用量和播种面积、粮食产量等数据,采用空间自相关分析、冷热点分析、核密度分析和标准差椭圆分析等方法,比较了2000、2005、2010和2015年这4年全国尺度各地区化肥使用总量及单位面积化肥使用负荷的时空变化特征.结果表明：①2000~2015年我国的化肥折纯使用量呈直线增加趋势,而在区域内一直处于比较高的集聚状态.化肥折纯使用量经历2000~2005年区域聚集状态增强,2005~2010年聚集状态减弱,2010~2015年又增加的过程.②从全国化肥使用的空间分布来看,2000~2015化肥使用总量呈现增加趋势,主要表现在化肥使用量超标的地级市变多,区域变广.东部经济发展较快的地区,如广东省和福建省由于播种面积减少比例大于化肥使用量的增长比例,导致超标地级市较为密集.③2000~2015年我国粮食重心的移动轨迹和化肥使用量的移动轨迹不相符,粮食重心往东北地区移动,而化肥使用量的重心往西部移动.一是表明东北地区的商品粮地位越来越重要,二是表明我国西部地区化肥使用量逐渐增加,有超标的趋势,应加以重视.     

Stimulation impact of electric currents on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and denitrification performance in high concentration nitrate-contaminated wastewater

Electric current stimulation has been shown to have a positive influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and has the potential to improve wastewater denitrification performance. This study investigated the effects of varying current densities on microbial activity and NO_3~- removal efficiency under heterotrophic conditions.NO_3~-removal rate was highest at an applied current density of 400 mA/m~2. However, the optimum removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen(TIN; 99%) was achieved when the current density was fixed at 200 m A/m~2. Accumulation of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N byproducts were also minimized at this current density. The activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms was much higher at both 200 and 400 mA/m~2. Moreover, the average adenosine-5′-triphosphate(ATP)content(an indicator of cell metabolism) at a current density of 1600 mA/m~2 was lower than that under no current, indicating heterotrophic denitrifying microbial activity can be inhibited at high current densities. Hence, direct electrical stimulation on the activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms in the developed system should be lower than 1600 mA/m~2. This study improves the understanding of electric current influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms and promotes the intelligent application of direct electrical stimulation on wastewater treatment processes.     

硫毒化NH3-SCR脱硝催化剂再生方式的构建及机制研究

以CeTi复合氧化物负载NH₄HSO₄(模拟SO₂毒化催化剂)为研究对象,并向其中掺杂Mo作为改性组分,研究了硫毒化催化剂的再生过程与机制.与热再生相比,冷等离子体在再生毒化后催化剂的过程中显现出独特的优势.通过对再生后催化剂的物理化学性质表征及优化再生气氛,确认了冷等离子再生催化剂的优点：不仅能够保持催化剂物相结构的稳定,还可促进催化剂表面NH₄HSO₄的低温分解和硫物种的脱附.虽然冷等离子体再生后的催化剂NH₃-SCR反应活性下降,但可通过纯O₂气氛中焙烧的方式,实现对催化剂物理化学性质的重构和催化活性的再生.通过此研究,初步建立了催化剂“毒化-再生-重构”的基本构效关系,为硫中毒NH₃-SCR脱硝催化剂的再生提供了可行性方案.     

中国西北地区工业园水资源高效利用系统研究

以西北地区某工业园为研究载体,从水资源高效利用系统构建出发,研究工业园水资源高效利用及优化调控系统模型的建立,提出适应当地资源环境特征的“分质处理-多级回用”水资源高效循环利用体系,打造水资源闭路循环经济链,有利于当地工业园区的生态化转型及可持续发展.     

一种高寒气候环境疲劳试验设备的研制

目的研制一台高寒气候环境疲劳试验设备。方法针对装备材料在服役过程中承受高寒气候环境-拉、压、弯载荷耦合作用的工况,分析高寒环境与力学因素对材料的交互影响,确定设备的工作原理和功能特点。通过分析设备本身的工作环境及特点,对设备的结构及可靠性进行合理设计,研制一台高寒气候环境疲劳试验设备。结果该设备可实现载荷和频率等试验参数的精确控制,能通过更换试验夹具分别开展高寒气候环境中的拉伸、压缩和弯曲疲劳试验。结论新研制的设备适用于评价材料在高寒气候环境中的疲劳性能。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/冷原子荧光法联用测定地表水中甲基汞研究

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱/冷原子荧光联用测定地表水中甲基汞的方法,具体方法:水样乙基化后转化为易挥发的甲基乙基汞,在线吹扫捕集至Tenax管,在高纯Ar作载气时加热使Tenax捕集管中各种形态的Hg热脱附,进入GC柱分离,在700℃~900℃高温下热解还原为元素汞(Hg0),进入冷原子荧光检测器进行检测.方法检出限为0.08 pg(若水样为40 mL,检出限为0.002 ng/L),相关系数可达0.9999.对不同来源的地表水进行分析,精密度<10%,加标回收率在83.4%~105%,具有操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,满足环境监测要求.     

Establish the Long-effective Mechanism of Food Security in China

In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been established yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers＇ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.     

Establish the Long-effective Mechanism of Food Security in China

Abstract

In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been established yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers’ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.