膜生物反应器中生物膜的生长特性

实验采用经甲苯培养驯化而成的单一假单胞菌菌种,通过分析平板式生物膜反应器内,不同阶段假单胞细菌生物膜干重、厚度、活性生物量和生物种群分布的变化,研究生物膜特性与降解效率之间的关系。实验结果表明,在挂膜初期生物膜迅速生长,生物量以及生物膜干重增长很快,有利于甲苯及营养物质的传输,降解效率也快速提升。随着生物膜的生长,生物量及干重也逐步增加,厚度逐渐增加使传质阻力不断增大,生物膜上层微生物的有机底物供应不足,使生物膜上层结构稀疏,最终维持一个甲苯的总传输量与生化降解量的平衡,生物量的生长与衰亡也达到动态平衡,形成了一个较高且稳定的降解效率。     

Responses of nitrification performance, triclosan resistome and diversity of microbes to continuous triclosan stress in activated sludge system

Triclosan(TCS) is commonly found in wastewater treatment plants,which often affects biological treatment processes.The responses of nitrification,antibiotic resistome and microbial community under different TCS concentrations in activated sludge system were evaluated in this study.The experiment was conducted in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)for 240 days.Quantitative PCR results demonstrated that the abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria could be temporarily inhibited by 1 mg/L TCS and then ...     

污泥好氧颗粒化过程中氨氧化菌群结构的演替与分析

为了揭示颗粒污泥形成过程中氨氧化菌(AOB)群落结构的演替规律,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、克隆测序和实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)等分子生物学技术对AOB群落的演替进行了研究。DGGE结果表明,污泥接种驯化期,AOB群结构的变化较为剧烈,在外加选择压的作用下,种群多样性迅速下降;但随着污泥颗粒化的完成而趋于稳定。测序结果表明,接种污泥中的大多数亚硝化单胞菌属因可快速适应工艺的淘洗过程而被保留在系统内,而亚硝化螺菌属逐渐被淘汰。real-time PCR结果表明,在经历了运行初期的淘洗后,AOB含量随着污泥浓度的提高而逐渐增长;但污泥的氨氧化活性随着污泥浓度的增长而降低。     

短程硝化过程2种亚硝酸盐氧化菌抑制策略探讨

为维持短程硝化稳定,保证亚硝酸盐高效积累,需要对污水处理系统亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的性质进行深入了解。分别对Nitrospira以及Nitrobacter的动力学参数,以及在活性污泥系统、生物膜系统、颗粒污泥系统中2菌属特性进行比较。经分析后认为,Nitrospira相对于Nitrobacter比增长速率较低,对O2,NO2-底物亲和性较好,适宜生长于低浓度环境中,是A2/O、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺中的主要NOB菌属;Nitrobacter则适宜在高浓度环境中生长。在颗粒污泥系统中,NOB主要处于污泥内部,由于缺乏O2,NO2-更容易被淘汰出反应器。通过对比短程硝化主要控制参数,认为NOB的抑制策略包括：在活性污泥系统中维持合理的污泥龄(SRT)以及游离氨(FA)浓度;在生物膜系统中对溶解氧(DO)以及水力停留时间(HRT)进行联合控制;在颗粒污泥系统中维持适量剩余NH4+-N,并淘洗出掺杂其中的絮状污泥。此外,利用“饱食饥饿”效应间歇曝气并维持较低的曝停比同样有利于阻止亚硝酸盐被NOB进一步氧化,保证短程硝化稳定运行。     

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

反硝化菌的偶氮染料脱色研究

从活性污泥中分离到几株反硝化能力的偶氮染料脱色菌。它们在合成培养基吧有使大多数所试偶氮染料脱色,而在反硝化条件下很难使偶氮染料脱色,只有菌株１７在培养２０ｄ后才有较好的脱色效果。酵母粉等有机物作为生长因子时,对菌株１７反硝化条件下的偶氮染料脱色有非常明显的促进作用;     

低温下丝状菌膨胀污泥的微生物多样性

为探究低温下丝状菌污泥膨胀过程中微生物多样性的变化特征,实验采用低温-SBR反应器成功诱发污泥膨胀,并借助Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,考察了不同沉降性能下活性污泥微生物群落的整体变化特征、各特定菌群及特定菌属的变化特征.结果表明,在系统运行温度降至(14±1)℃后可成功诱发丝状菌污泥膨胀,SVI可恶化至663.99 mL·g~(-1),且膨胀后COD去除率和TN去除率仍能维持在90%和86%左右.低温下污泥膨胀的发生不仅会导致系统内微生物整体多样性和均一性的降低,使特定菌群中丝状菌群的丰度由0.49%增至26.04%,还会使脱氮菌群的丰度由21.04%减少至13.99%、除磷菌群的丰度由4.25%减少至1.93%.发现的5种丝状菌属中,以Thiothrix为代表的3种菌属的丰度递增,仅Haliscomenobacter的丰度递减;发现的19种脱氮菌属中,以Nitrosomonas为代表的5种菌属的丰度递增,以Nitrospira为代表的7种菌属的丰度递减;发现的8种除磷菌属中,Pseudomonas和Tetrasphaera的丰度递增,以Candidatus_Competibacter为代表的5种菌属的丰度递减.虽然污泥膨胀对微生物菌群结构产生较大影响,但不同泥样中始终存在的477个OTUs和227个菌属说明膨胀过程中反应器内主体微生物仍呈相对稳定状态.     

有机物对亚硝化颗粒污泥中功能菌活性的影响

为探明易降解有机物短期冲击对全自养亚硝化颗粒污泥(PNG)中不同功能菌活性的影响,本研究采用多批次连续实验,系统考察了PNG在有机物胁迫与恢复阶段,氮素转化性能与溶解氧(DO)利用情况的演化规律.结果表明,基质C/N比越高,亚硝态氮比累积速率[q(NO-2-N)]的降幅就越大.期间,异养菌(He B)活性的增强,加快了PNG对DO的消耗速率,使得氧亲和力较差的亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性得到了有效抑制.当重新采用无机碳源配水时,q(NO-2-N)数值明显增大,同时He B与NOB的活性均处于较低水平.因此,易降解有机物对全自养PNG系统的冲击具有一定可逆性,该过程有助于巩固氨氧化菌(AOB)的相对优势,提升亚硝化反应的稳定性.     

FISH法作为厌氧消化系统运行管理指标的可行性

以高浓度厌氧消化污泥为对象,进行FISH、MPN和产甲烷活性的测定实验.FISH分析得到,厌氧消化污泥中古细菌、嗜乙酸产甲烷菌和嗜氢产甲烷菌占全菌数的比例分别为30%～70%,18%～28%和15%～43%,菌数测定结果FISH法高于MPN法.研究表明,FISH法可用于高浓度厌氧消化污泥的菌相解析,作为处理系统运行管理指标使用.     

Comparative study of heavy metal and pathogenic bacterial contamination in sludge and manure in biogas and non-biogas swine farms

The objective of this study is to determine and compare the heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) and bacterial (E. coli, coliform and Salmonella spp.) contamination between swine farms utilizing biogas and non-biogas systems in the central part of Thailand. Results showed that average levels of E. coli, coliform, BOD, COD, Zn, Cu and Pb in sludge from the post-biogas pond were higher than the standard limits. Moreover, the levels of E. coli, coliform, Cd and Pb were also higher than the standard limits for dry manure. The levels of E. coli, coliform and BOD on biogas farms were lower than on non-biogas farms. Following isolation of Salmonella spp:; it was found that Salmonella serovars Rissen was the most abundant at 18.46% (12/65), followed by Anatum 12.31% (8/65), and Kedougou 9.23% (6/65). The pathogenic strains of Salmonella serovars Paratyphi B var. java and Typhimurium were present in equal amounts at 4.62% (3/65) in samples from all swine farms. This study revealed that significant reduction in E. coli and coliform levels in sludge from covered lagoon biogas systems on swine farms. The presence of Salmonella as well as Cd and Pb, in significant amount in dry manure, suggests that there is a high probability of environmental contamination if it is used for agricultural purposes. Thus, careful waste and manure disposal from swine farms and the regular monitoring of wastewater is strongly recommended to ensure the safety of humans, other animals and the environment.