Global mismatches in aboveground and belowground biodiversity

Human activities are accelerating global biodiversity change and have resulted in severely threatened ecosystem services. A large proportion of terrestrial biodiversity is harbored by soil, but soil biodiversity has been omitted from many global biodiversity assessments and conservation actions, and understanding of global patterns of soil biodiversity remains limited. In particular, the extent to which hotspots and coldspots of aboveground and soil biodiversity overlap is not clear. We examined global patterns of these overlaps by mapping indices of aboveground (mammals, birds, amphibians, vascular plants) and soil (bacteria, fungi, macrofauna) biodiversity that we created using previously published data on species richness. Areas of mismatch between aboveground and soil biodiversity covered 27% of Earth's terrestrial surface. The temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome had the highest proportion of grid cells with high aboveground biodiversity but low soil biodiversity, whereas the boreal and tundra biomes had intermediate soil biodiversity but low aboveground biodiversity. While more data on soil biodiversity are needed, both to cover geographic gaps and to include additional taxa, our results suggest that protecting aboveground biodiversity may not sufficiently reduce threats to soil biodiversity. Given the functional importance of soil biodiversity and the role of soils in human well-being, soil biodiversity should be considered further in policy agendas and conservation actions by adapting management practices to sustain soil biodiversity and considering soil biodiversity when designing protected areas.     

Natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack

Petals of red, yellow and white roses (Rosa damascene Mill.) of the family Rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus), five species of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum). All of the crude extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities according to the tested organism and rose's type. Micrococcus luteus was found to be the most susceptible bacteria to all crude extracts. Red and yellow petal extracts showed much higher antibacterial activity than the white petals extract. Bacillus subtilis was found to be the least susceptible to all extracts. The fungus, Penicillium notatum was found to be the most susceptible with white petal extract being the most effective. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Fusarium oxysporum were the least susceptible to all extracts. White roses extract showed much higher antifungal activities against Penicillium notatum than red or yellow roses, therefore, it was subjected to several bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations and purification to isolate the active chemical(s) responsible for the antifungal activity. Chemical structure of the isolated antifungal compounds were identified by spectroscopy techniques and found to be a γ-sitosterol and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Antibacterial activity of the various types of rose extracts were due to complex mixtures of organic compounds which are still under chemical investigation and will be published later.     

高温厌氧细菌混合培养对纤维素酒精生产的提高作用

以高温厌氧细菌热纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum LQRI)和嗜热厌氧乙醇菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus X514和Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus39E)为对象,以纤维素为微生物利用的底物,分析了LQRI纯培养和LQRI+Thermoanaerobacter混合培养对纤维素降解、酒精生产及终产物分布的影响.结果表明,LQRI+Thermoanaerobacter混合培养的酒精生产能力和纤维素降解率明显高于LQRI纯培养.在混合培养体系中,LQRI+X514的酒精生产能力明显高于LQRI+39E.培养基中无外源酵母粉条件下,LQRI纯培养酒精最高浓度约为11.5mmol/L,LQRI+X514和LQRI+39E混合培养最高酒精浓度分别约为71mmol/L和36.5mmol/L,相同的底物纤维素浓度条件LQRI+X514和LQRI+39E混合培养酒精浓度分别约为LQRI纯培养的5～11倍和3～5倍,纤维素降解率分别都约为LQRI纯培养的1.5～5.0倍;培养基中0.6%外源酵母粉存在条件下,LQRI纯培养酒精最高浓度约为12.9mmol/L,LQRI+X514和LQRI+39E混合培养最高酒精浓度分别约为263.5mmol/L和143.5mmol/L,相同的底物纤维素浓度条件LQRI+X514和LQRI+39E混合培养酒精浓度分别约为LQRI纯培养的8～22倍和8～12倍,纤维素降解率均约为LQRI纯培养的1.1倍.在5%Solka Floc为底物和0.6%外源酵母粉的条件下,LQRI+X514混合培养酒精浓度最高可达到263.5mmol/L,相当于1.2%(质量浓度)的酒精,LQRI+39E约为143mmol/L.     

反硝化除磷脱氮系统中DPB的驯化富集培养

反硝化同时脱氮除磷系统中反硝化除磷菌(DPB)的培养驯化状况,将直接影响污水中氮磷等营养元素的同时去除效率以及系统的高效稳定运行,为此本实验研究设计了一套以实际生活污水为处理对象的双污泥反硝化脱氮除磷工艺流程,采用逐渐过渡的培养方式,为DPB创造良好的厌氧/缺氧交替环境,即创造特定的适合DPB生存的环境条件让其进行自然选择,以筛选出来需要的DPB菌.结果表明,通过15d的间歇曝气的厌氧/好氧(A/O)运行方式可以对PAOs进行快速诱导;第二阶段,通过好氧曝气时间的逐渐减少,缺氧段投加硝酸氮的厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)运行模式,25d左右可达到强化诱导反应器里面的DPB占PAOs的比例;最后让DPB在严格的厌氧/缺氧交替环境下进行富集培养19d,通过这种逐渐过渡培养的方式获得了对所需要的DPB菌的成功诱导富集,该菌的成功驯化培养为市政生活污水中的氮磷同时高效稳定去除提供了一种新方法.     

细菌对重金属的抗性及解毒机理研究进展

重金属污染物随工业废水排放到环境中,并通过生物链的富集作用,对环境和人类健康造成极大危害.自然界中很多微生物对重金属具有吸附性、耐受性和减小毒性损伤的特点.其中,细菌因其结构简单且易于培养,被广泛应用于研究对重金属的抗性及解毒.选取银(Ag)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)和铬(Cr)4种重金属,结合国内外的研究成果,系统地探讨了细菌对重金属的抗性及解毒机理.     

高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化尾气的研究

利用高温生物滤塔处理污泥干化产生的尾气,气体处理量为2 700~3 100 m~3·h~(-1),停留时间为21.88~25.10 s,研究启动期和稳定运行的运行效果.生物滤塔能有效去除干化尾气中的SO_2、氨以及挥发性有机物,去除率分别达到100%、93.61%以及87.01%.微生物分析结果显示,生物滤塔内形成稳定的生物系统,填料和溶液中生长一定量的细菌和硫细菌.主要功能种群包括类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.,螯台球菌Chelatococcus sp.,芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.,梭菌Clostridium thermosuccinogerws,假黄单胞菌Pseudoxanthomonas sp.,地芽孢杆菌Geobacillus debilis.大部分为脱氮、脱硫或者降解挥发性有机物的嗜热菌.     

土壤微生物产电技术及其潜在应用研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)是一种利用微生物将有机物的化学能转化为电能的装置.土壤含有产电细菌和有机质,能够在MFCs中产生电流.运行土壤MFCs能实时连续监测土壤污染和环境变化,去除土壤中污染物以及抑制淹水稻田土壤排放甲烷.实现上述功能不仅不消耗能源,相反还能产生少量电能,也无需向土壤中添加化学药剂.因此土壤MFCs是值得探索的环境友好的污染检测和修复技术以及温室气体减排技术,在环境科学与工程领域具有潜在的应用价值.由于土壤MFCs研究起步较晚,MFCs领域许多新技术尚未在土壤MFCs中得以应用.本文综述了土壤MFCs的相关研究进展,并结合MFCs技术的前沿,提出土壤MFCs可能的发展方向.     

处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中的厌氧氨氧化菌群特征

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)是潜流湿地净化污水的重要功能,目前关于潜流湿地厌氧氨氧化特征还不清楚.为了解处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中的厌氧氨氧化特点,采用16S rRNA基因克隆文库和实时荧光定量PCR技术以及多样性分析等方法,对处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的结构、多样性和丰度进行了研究分析.结果表明,处理水产养殖污水潜流湿地中存在Candidatus brocadia和Candidatus kuenenia这2类已知的ANAMMOX菌和3类未知的ANAMMOX菌,其优势种群为Candidatus brocadia;在不同季节中,秋季潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的多样性最高(H',1.21),春季最低(H',0.64);在养殖周期内,潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的丰度(以鲜重计,下同)在8.0×104~9.4×106copies·g-1之间,总细菌丰度在7.3×109~9.1×1010copies·g-1之间;在潜流湿地不同层面以及不同季节中,ANAMMOX菌的丰度存在着明显的差异,总细菌丰度则差异不明显,ANAMMOX菌的丰度在不同层面上的差异没有随时间变化的规律性.根据潜流湿地中ANAMMOX菌的分布特征,改变养殖污水布水方式和调整湿地结构可以提高潜流湿地的反硝化效果.该研究为进一步优化潜流湿地结构,提高净化养殖污水效率提供了依据.     

Phosphate removal using aerobic bacterial consortium and pure cultures isolated from activated sludge

In the present study, an attempt is made to evaluate the kinetics of biological phosphate removal using a bacterial consortium of activated sludge, as well as screening for dominant polyphosphates accumulating bacteria. The results showed an efficient phosphate uptake (P < 0.001) of the consortium, with rates related to the initial concentration of both phosphate and carbon sources. Short chain volatile fatty acids presented the suitable substrates for enhanced biological phosphorus removal, of which maximum yield reached 99.23% and 78.51% in basal salt medium supplemented with 0.5% of sodium acetate and lactate respectively. Fifteen phosphate-accumulating bacteria were isolated from the activated sludge and only four isolates were selected and characterized as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AS1, Moraxella lacunata AS2, Acinetobater junii AS3 and Alcaligenes denitrificans AS4. The highest efficiency of phosphate uptake using pure culture was achieved with Ac. junii AS3 (83.36) followed by P. aeruginosa AS1 (81.78%), Al. denitrificans AS4 (76.72%), and M. lacunata AS2 with 50.6%.     

浮床栽培蕹菜根际脱氮微生物研究

浮床栽培植物是一种利用植物根系的吸收和根际微生物作用来改善水质的生物修复技术.本研究以温棚内浮床栽培蕹菜试验为基础,采用PFU法定期监测脱氮细菌变化情况,并与水中总氮含量进行对比,分析在浮床栽培植物情况下脱氮细菌的特征及其与水中总氮含量变化的关系,结果表明:1)栽培蕹菜有利于脱氮细菌的稳定生长;2)脱氮细菌的生长与总氮的去除有良好的相关性.研究为浮床栽培植物净化水质提供了理论依据,对该技术的推广应用有一定的理论和现实意义.表5,参10.