生物沸石球强化吸附氨氮废水的动力学研究

用一种具有多孔结构特征的沸石球作为载体固定化硝化细菌强化吸附氨氮废水。结果表明,沸石球能快速固定化硝化细菌,吸附动力学表明150 min对氨氮吸附容量达到2.816 mg/g,而且还有继续增加的趋势。假二级动力学方程和Elovich模型的精确拟合说明,生物沸石球对氨氮的吸附过程可能是非均相扩散起作用及以化学吸附反应为主的复杂转化过程。扩散拟合结果表明,氨氮在生物沸石球的吸附是以液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的控制步骤,活性的硝化细菌对氨氮的硝化使氨氮在微孔的吸附得到了强化。     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

Aerobic thermophilic bacteria enhance biogas production

The enhancing effect of aerobic thermophilic (AT) bacteria on the production of biogas from anaerobically digested sewage sludge (methanogenic sludge) was investigated. Sewage sludge (5%, w/w) was incubated at 65°C with shaking for a few months to prepare the AT seed sludge. AT sludge was prepared by incubation of the AT seed sludge (5%, v/v) and sewage sludge (5%, w/w) at 65°C with shaking. The addition of this AT sludge (1.2% ± 0.5% of total volatile solids) to methanogenic sludge enhanced the production of biogas. The optimum volume of the addition and the pretreatment temperature of the AT sludge for optimum biogas production were 5% (v/v) and 65°C. Batch-fed anaerobic digestion was covered with the addition of various AT sludges. The AT sludge prepared with the AT seed sludge improved the biogas production by 2.2 times relative to that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of sludge without AT seed sludge weakly enhanced biogas production. An aerobic thermophilic bacterium (strain AT1) was isolated from the AT seed sludge. Strain AT1 grew well in a synthetic medium. The production of biogas from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was improved by the addition of 5% (v/v) AT1 bacterial culture compared with that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of AT1 culture reduced the volatile solids by 21%, which was higher than the 12.6% achieved with the sewage sludge addition. The AT1 bacterial culture enhanced the biogas production more than the AT seed sludge. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain AT1 is closely related to Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (100% sequence similarity). The improvement in the production of biogas with the AT sludge could be caused by thermophilic bacterial activity in the AT sludge.     

四氢呋喃降解细菌质粒的检出及菌株的生长特性

某化工厂的活性污泥中筛选出具有降解四氢呋喃能力的细菌12株,经鉴定均为气单胞菌属.碱裂解法抽提显示质粒检出率为100%,但在质粒量上有所差异.在实验室条件下,这些菌株中对四氢呋喃的最大耐受力可达140 μL/mL;12株菌株都对链霉素有抗性,部分菌株对氨苄青霉素有抗性,而对卡那霉素、庆大霉素及氯霉素无抗性;在以四氢呋喃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,1号、2号、4号及9号菌株在30 ℃,108 r/min旋转式摇床振荡培养6 d后,对四氢呋喃具有一定的降解能力.确定1号与9号菌株为进一步研究菌株,且两菌株的最适生长温度为30 ℃,最适生长的pH值为7.5.      

浸泡时间对X60钢SRB电化学腐蚀行为影响研究

利用极化曲线,电化学阻抗谱,扫描电镜,能谱分析和微生物分析等方法对X60钢在灭菌培养基和接种硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)培养基中浸泡2h和浸泡240h后的腐蚀行为进行了对比研究.结果表明:浸入初期,相比灭菌介质,含SRB介质中X60钢表面上SRB的初始吸附成膜具有一定的保护作用,这使其耐蚀性能有所提高.浸泡2h后,SRB菌落代谢过程的阴极去极化作用使X60钢表面产生明显点蚀形貌,加速了X60钢的腐蚀,使其耐蚀性能下降.     

利用垃圾渗滤液富集培养氨氧化菌

确保活性污泥中适当的氨氧化菌(AOB)的数量及活性对污水生物除氮过程至关重要,投加富集AOB是增加活性污泥中AOB浓度的方法之一. 为了经济有效地获取富集的AOB并有效处理难降解的垃圾渗滤液,对利用垃圾渗滤液富集培养AOB的可行性进行了研究. 采用烟台市生活垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液作为培养基,利用辛安河污水处理厂A2/O工艺二沉池的回流污泥进行接种,通过更代方式富集培养AOB. 结果显示:更代4次后,菌液中AOB的浓度增至原来的5.6倍;向活性污泥中投加14.5%的经过4次更代富集培养的AOB,氨氧化速率提高了65.4%,从而验证了利用垃圾渗滤液富集AOB是可行的.      

DO/NH4+-N实现短程硝化过程中生物膜特性

实验探究了短程硝化实现过程中生物膜特性的变化情况.采用比值控制(DO/NH+4-N)实现短程硝化,分别取亚硝酸盐积累率为10.27%、52.12%和93.54%时生物膜样品,利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)联用技术观察总菌、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)数量和空间结构的变化,通过三维激发发射矩阵(EEM)观察胞外聚合物分泌和成分变化情况.比值控制成功富集AOB,并可在NOB未洗脱完全的情况下实现短程硝化.异养菌和硝化菌共存于生物膜内上,异养细菌在外层,硝化菌分布在生物膜表面6~25μm.短程硝化实现的过程中,AOB/NOB值逐步增长,稳定运行时期比值高达15.56.反应器运行过程中,EPS和微生物菌群变化息息相关.微生物活性下降,EPS分泌减少;短程硝化稳定运行时期,NOB等不耐高亚硝酸的菌群衰亡,芳香性蛋白质荧光强度降低.但三维荧光光谱显示,短程硝化实现过程中EPS化学成分变化不明显.     

Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

铸造废砂的环境毒性研究

采用毒性特性浸出程序、顶空气相色谱技术检测了5种铸造废砂中的重金属与有机污染物,采用发光细菌毒性检测技术和土壤酶活性实验研究了废砂的生物效应.结果表明,由于浇注金属与造型材料的不同,5种铸造废砂中的金属与有机污染物成分和浓度均有较大差异.其中,铸铁与铸钢废砂浸出液中的铁离子,铸铝废砂中的As离子超出了《地表水环境标准》规定的最大允许检出浓度.5种废砂中的有机污染物种类十分复杂,对发光细菌表现出不同程度的抑菌活性,发光强度的抑制率在30%～95%之间.此外,土壤酶活性实验结果表明,废砂中的金属污染物可能会抑制土壤中微生物的活性,而有机物则对土壤微生物的活性有一定的促进作用.因此,铸造废砂的随意排放将会对环境造成较严重的威胁.     

耐盐石油烃降解菌的筛选鉴定及其特性研究

为得到高效耐盐石油烃降解菌,从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍化土壤中分离出39株细菌,经液体培养初筛和土壤培养复筛实验,得到1株高效耐盐石油烃降解菌BM38.通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）.通过液体培养实验,研究了BM38的耐盐和产生物表面活性剂特性以及对不同烃的利用能力.结果表明,在含0.5%～6.0%NaCl液体培养基中BM38生长良好,属中度耐盐菌.在高盐环境下BM38具有较强的分解石油烃能力,其中在含1.0%NaCl液体培养基中,降解7 d后,原油降解率达到73.5%;在含盐量0.22%和0.61%土壤中添加BM38,降解40 d后,土壤总石油烃降解率达到40%以上.BM38能产生一种生物乳化剂,盐浓度对这种乳化剂的乳化能力影响较大,当NaCl浓度增加到1.0%,乳化值（EI24）开始迅速降低,但在NaCl浓度为2.0%时,EI24仍达到61.0%.BM38能够利用环己烷、甲苯、异辛烷、菲和正十六烷为唯一碳源生长,其中对正构烷烃和芳烃具有较强的利用能力.