磁絮凝法处理DZA有机废水的研究

本文介绍了磁絮新颖产分离技术,应用该技术能有效处理水中ＤＺＡ有机物,实现数秒内的快速分离污泥,污泥含水率低。     

铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展

铊(Tl)是典型的毒害重金属元素之一,对生物体的毒性高于Hg、Cd和Pb等元素。铊在天然水环境相关介质中的背景含量较低,但可通过各种工业活动大量进入水体环境,借由水体迅速迁移扩散,对生态系统造成巨大的环境隐患。本文总结了铊在水体中的分布特征,并重点阐述了铊在矿物胶体和天然有机质(腐殖酸)等界面上迁移转化行为的研究进展。研究表明,铁(氢)氧化物、锰(氢)氧化物均能在一定程度上吸附水体中的Tl(I),铊在一些锰(氢)氧化物表面的吸附行为可能会涉及Tl(I)在矿物表面的氧化还原机制。矿物表面对铊离子的吸附作用不仅与矿物的组成成分有关,还可能与矿物组成成分的晶型结构密切相关。天然有机质对铊迁移转化影响作用的研究目前主要偏重天然腐殖酸对铊的络合作用。因此,要加强的研究铊分别在不同种类、不同晶型的矿物和不同类型的天然有机质界面上的迁移转化行为,并借助高精度的价态和结构分析手段从分子水平上探讨其迁移转化机理。了解铊在水体中的迁移转化有助于深入认识铊的环境地球化学行为,并为研究铊的污染治理提供理论基础。     

Preliminary 3-D site-scale studies of radioactive colloid transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively investigating the technical feasibility of permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a repository to be situated in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. In this study we investigate, by means of numerical simulation, the transport of radioactive colloids under ambient conditions from the potential repository horizon to the water table. The site hydrology and the effects of the spatial distribution of hydraulic and transport properties in the Yucca Mountain subsurface are considered. The study of migration and retardation of colloids accounts for the complex processes in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, and includes advection, diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, kinetic colloid filtration, colloid straining, and radioactive decay. The results of the study indicate that the most important factors affecting colloid transport are the subsurface geology and site hydrology, i.e., the presence of faults (they dominate and control transport), fractures (the main migration pathways), and the relative distribution of zeolitic and vitric tuffs. The transport of colloids is strongly influenced by their size (as it affects diffusion into the matrix, straining at hydrogeologic unit interfaces, and transport velocity) and by the parameters of the kinetic-filtration model used for the simulations. Arrival times at the water table decrease with an increasing colloid size because of smaller diffusion, increased straining, and higher transport velocities. The importance of diffusion as a retardation mechanism increases with a decreasing colloid size, but appears to be minimal in large colloids.     

风浪对太湖水体中胶体态营养盐和浮游植物的影响

为了解不同风浪条件下太湖水中胶体态营养盐和浮游植物含量的特征, 选择不同风速情况进行现场观测和采样, 用切向流超滤法获取胶体, 测定胶体态有机碳、氮、磷及其他形态营养盐含量. 同时收集浮游植物样品, 测定其密度和生物量. 结果表明, 在风速小于4m/s时胶体氮(CN)和胶体磷(CP)含量随风速变大而升高, 而在风速大于4 m/s时其含量不再升高, 甚至略有降低; 叶绿素a(Chl-a)、浮游植物密度、蓝藻密度和蓝藻生物量均在风速小于4m/s时随风速增大而升高, 在风速大于4 m/s时随风速增大而降低, 说明小风浪有利于蓝藻生长或漂浮, 而大风浪对其生长或漂浮不利. CN和CP含量与浮游藻类含量呈显著正相关, 表明在藻类生长旺盛的夏季, 太湖水中胶体氮、磷的主要来源为藻类产物.     

Colloid‐facilitated transport of metolachlor through intact soil columns

Abstract

This study evaluated the role of water dispersible colloids with diverse physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics in facilitating the transport of metolachlor through macropores of intact soil columns. The soil columns represented upper solum horizons of an Alfisol in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Three different colloid suspensions tagged with metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐l‐methylethyl)acetamide] were introduced at a constant flux into undisturbed soil columns. The eluents were collected and analyzed periodically for colloid and metolachlor concentrations. Colloid recovery in the eluents ranged from 54 to 90 %. The presence of colloids enhanced the transport of metolachlor by 22 to 70 % depending on the colloid type and mobility. Colloids with higher pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total exchangeable bases (TEB), surface area (SA), and electrophoretic mobility (EM), showed better mobility, greater affinity for interaction with the herbicide and, thus, greater potential to co‐transport metolachlor. In contrast, increased level of kaolinite, Fe, and Al inhibited metolachlor adsorption and transport. In spite of the increased transportability of metolachlor by the presence of soil colloids, the colloid bound herbicide portion accounted for a very small part of the observed increase. This suggests that surface site exclusion mechanisms and preferential sorption induced by the presence of colloids are more important than ion exchange phenomena in promoting herbicide mobility in subsurface environments.     

Characterisation and Nanomechanical Properties of Ink-Jet Media Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Commercial inkjet media is increasingly used in daily life; this use ranges from offices to digital photography. The impact that the development of this technology has had on the paper industry has been phenomenal. However, an increasing amount of paper is discarded and it is often after the introduction of complex chemical ink within its substrate. The understanding of the interactions between the layer of coated media and ink can be used to further understand and develop technology for the use of recycling office and photo papers. This paper presents the innovative concept in characterizing the surface of the inkjet media by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparisons are made between the data obtained from both atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the receptive layer and surface analysis software that was used to obtain surface characteristics. In this study the hardness and force of interaction has also been examined by the means of nanoindentation measurements using silicon nitride cantilever tips and forces of interaction between a selection of colloid probes and the receptive layer of the inkjet media. The effect of loading force on indentation was studied in terms of approach of impact and type of media tested.     

紫色土小流域浅层井水中胶体颗粒的季节变化

胶体是多种污染物迁移进入地下水的主要载体.为探究地下水中胶体颗粒的长期动态变化及影响因素,对川中丘陵区紫色土小流域浅层井中胶体颗粒浓度及井水理化性质进行了1 a的原位观测.结果表明:浅层井水中胶体颗粒含量存在较强的季节变异(CV0.5),胶体颗粒质量浓度峰值可达到14.68 mg·L~(-1)(相应的数量浓度为1.34×109L~(-1)),出现在非雨季,由人为取水扰动所致.雨季中前期大雨产流的物理扰动能有效增加井水中胶体颗粒浓度,后期暴雨的促进作用不明显.井水化学性质(EC、Ca2+、Mg2+、DOC)是影响胶体颗粒浓度动态及存在形态最重要的因素.该地区作为饮用水源的浅层井在雨季中前期可能受到因增加的胶体颗粒输入而辅助迁移的农化物质(如农药、P等)对井水质量安全的威胁,建议加强该时段内降雨后井水中胶体及井水理化性质的监测.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

饮用水中微纳塑料的“胶体泵效应”研究进展

微纳塑料是当今备受关注的新兴污染物,已被证实存在于饮用水流经的各个环节.饮用水中的微纳塑料比表面积大,能够吸附无机物、有机物和微生物,增加其对人体健康的风险危害.微纳塑料与典型污染物的吸附、团聚行为被称为"胶体泵效应".聚焦于饮用水中的微纳塑料,从微纳塑料的赋存情况、胶体泵效应、对人体的毒性作用和胶体泵效应对其去除影响这4个方面进行了总结和阐述.结果表明,微纳塑料广泛存在于水源水、出厂水、管网水和龙头水中,其胶体泵效应促进了与无机物、有机物和微生物的团聚,在加剧微纳塑料毒性的同时,也影响其去除效果.混凝沉淀对微纳塑料的去除效果存在争议,传统砂滤对其去除效果有限,深度处理是去除<5 μm微纳塑料的高效处理工艺.探明微纳塑料胶体泵效应的作用机制和引发条件可有效提高其去除率.最后,从饮用水处理工艺和胶体泵效应的角度,对饮用水中微纳塑料的控制进行了展望,以期为降低微纳塑料在饮用水中的赋存及毒性、保障饮用水质安全和人体健康提供借鉴和参考.     

东江流域水环境中颗粒态和胶体态金属元素的分布和来源

运用连续流离心机和切面流超滤分离技术,从东江流域的水库、河流、河口3种水体中分离了大量的悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)和胶体(1 nm~0.45μm),并用元素分析仪和电感耦合等离子体/质谱(ICP-MS)对有机碳和金属进行了表征.通过对比3种水体中颗粒态金属的含量(μg·g-1)和浓度(ng·L-1)发现,水库颗粒物有更高的重金属含量,与其在有机碳上的富集有关;河流颗粒物有更高的金属浓度,与地表径流和人为排放有关.另外,随着有机质含量的增加,湖泊水体中多种重金属的含量呈现先增加后降低的关系,显示了生物富集和生物稀释的双重作用.从东江中游到河口样品,Mg、Ti、Co、Ni等元素在颗粒物中的含量依次升高,Cu、As、Cd、Sn、Sb等元素则依次降低,这与海水的稀释作用以及与盐度变化引起的絮凝沉降有关.河流中胶体态金属的含量与浓度均大于水库,显示了河流受到更多的人类活动影响.虽然重金属主要分布在颗粒物中,但对比各种重金属的含量在颗粒态和胶体态中的顺序变化,发现地表径流带来的地壳元素倾向于分布在颗粒态中,而人为排放来源的金属倾向于分布在胶体态中.