甲醛致中华卵索线虫DNA损伤作用的研究

为了探讨甲醛致线虫DNA-蛋白质交联(DNA-protein crosslinks,DPC)和DNA断裂(DNA strand breakage,DSB)的作用,以中华卵索线虫(Ovomermis sinensis)为材料,经活体染毒后,采用KCl-SDS沉淀法和单细胞凝胶电泳法来检测液态甲醛染毒后线虫提取细胞中DNA-蛋白质交联物的含量及DNA的断裂效应.KCl-SDS沉淀法的结果表明,低浓度(5、25、125μmol·L-1)的液态甲醛不能引起DNA-蛋白质的交联(p＞0.05),较高浓度(625μmol·L-1)的甲醛可以引起明显的DNA-蛋白质的交联作用(p＜0.05)而单细胞凝胶电泳的结果则显示甲醛在低浓度(5、25μmol·L-1)时可以引起DNA链的断裂(p＜0.01),在较高浓度(125、625μmol·L-1)时可以引起交联作用(p＜0.05).研究结果表明,甲醛在较高浓度时可以导致明显的DNA-蛋白质交联作用,而在小于25μmol·L-1时以DNA断裂作用为主.     

纳米SiO2与常规SiO2颗粒对Hela细胞的细胞毒性作用

为了探讨纳米SiO2和常规SiO2颗粒对Hela细胞的细胞毒性作用,采用不同浓度的纳米SiO2和常规SiO2颗粒(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6μg·μL-1)对Hela细胞进行12h染毒,应用MTT法检测细胞毒性效应.研究发现,较低浓度(≤0.2μg·μL-1)的纳米SiO2和常规SiO2对Hela细胞无明显细胞毒性(p>0.05);较高浓度时,纳米SiO2(≥0.4μg·μL-1)和常规SiO2(≥0.8μg·μL-1)对Hela细胞具有明显细胞毒性作用(p<0.01),并且随浓度增大细胞毒性增强;当浓度≥0.4μg·μL-1时,纳米SiO2的细胞毒性明显高于相同浓度的常规SiO2(p<0.05).以上结果表明,纳米SiO2和常规SiO2颗粒均能对Hela细胞产生细胞毒性,且纳米SiO2的细胞毒性强于常规SiO2;低浓度(≤0.2μg·μL-1)的纳米SiO2和常规SiO2具有很好的生物相容性.     

不同粒径大气颗粒物几种重金属成分分析及其致突变性研究

采集冬季太原市一采样点不同粒径大气颗粒物,经分析,总悬浮颗粒物日均浓度为1.04mg/m~3,严重超标。其中粒径小于7.0μm的占49.6％,小于3.3μm的占33.5％。颗粒物无机提取液中5种金属元素的浓度由高到低依次为Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni和Cd。每一种元素均呈随颗粒物粒径减小浓度增高的趋势。以SOS显色法和小鼠体内骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测颗粒物的无机提取液和模拟肺泡液溶出液的遗传毒性,表明小粒径颗粒物遗传毒性较强;小于1.1μm的颗粒物,仅用相当于5m~3或10m~3空气量的样品液,即可诱发SOS反应或致染色体损伤。     

镉对小麦叶片DNA伤害的彗星实验研究

为了建立植物基因毒性的研究方法 ,以小麦为对象 ,进行了植物彗星实验方法的研究 .以 0 1mg·L- 1 的Cd2 + 溶液处理小麦叶片后 ,采用机械方法分离细胞核 ,制备玻片后变性 0 ,5 ,15 ,3 0min ,在 10 0 ,2 0 0 ,3 0 0mA下电泳 5 ,15 ,3 0min .实验结果表明 ,采用机械分离的方法可以获得大量的、能够进行彗星实验的细胞核 ,增加DNA的变性时间、电泳电流大小和电泳时间可以增加DNA片段在电场中的迁移 ,提高实验的灵敏度 ,但变性时间和电泳时间过长增加了对照处理DNA片段的迁移 .因此 ,本实验提出了小麦叶片彗星实验的最佳条件是DNA变性 15min ,3 0 0mA下电泳 15min ,并在该条件下研究了重金属镉对小麦的基因损伤 .结果表明 ,重金属镉能引起小麦基因的损伤 ,并随镉浓度的增加伤害程度加大     

微波消解逐时络合光度法快速测定聚合铝溶液中的总铝含量

聚合铝中的3种铝形态及其总铝含量的传统测定方法分别为Al-Ferron逐时络合光度法和EDTA络合滴定法．这2种方法各自存在着许多不足之处．将微波消解技术应用于逐时络合比色法以便快速测定聚合铝溶液中的总铝含量．研究表明：（1）Ferron混合显色液配制好后存放与否对测定结果的影响很大,用微波辐射处理Ferron混合显色液30s后即可使用,克服了传统光度法中必须存放5d的缺点;（2）微波消解极大地缩短了聚合铝与Ferron之间的解聚／络合反应时间,聚合铝显色溶液微波消解2min即可方便地定量测定铝盐水处理剂中的总铝含量,克服了传统络合滴定法的不足和烦琐．同时用改进的Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法验证了这种总铝测定方法的可行性．     

纳米与微米尺度氧化锌体外遗传毒作用特征的比较研究

为揭示纳米氧化锌(ZnO)遗传毒作用特征,以便为纳米材料的安全性评价提供科学依据,利用胞质分裂阻滞微核细胞组学实验和碱性彗星实验比较了纳米和微米尺度ZnO的遗传毒性.结果显示:①微米尺度ZnO在0.02～2.5 μg·mL-1剂量下对微核、核质桥、核芽和核分裂指数(nucleus divided index,NDI)均...     

Genotoxicity in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea luteola L: assessment of cell type sensitivities to lead nitrate

The aquatic ecosystems are converting into the highly contaminated site due to environmental pollutants. The present study explores the oxidative stress and toxic potential of lead nitrate in freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola (L. luteola) L. The snails were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of lead nitrate for 24 and 96?h. Later exposure to lead nitrate (0, 10, 20 and 40?µg/mL) to the freshwater snail, the level of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide (NO) were increased and glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase were decreased. Lead-nitrate-induced haemocyte cell death and it was observed by using Annexin-V FITC/PI through a flow cytometer. DNA damage in haemocyte cells was measured at above doses of lead-nitrate exposure for 24 and 96?h and it was compared to the untreated snail. Average tail DNA (%) and olive tail moment in single-cell gel test were increased dose and duration fashion and maximum DNA damage was measured at 96?h. These results indicate the potential toxicity and genotoxicity of lead nitrate in acute treatment to L. luteola and single-cell gel test are the assay for rapid detection of genetic effects.     

Fine atmospheric particles emitted by industrial,traffic and urban sources in France: characterization and genotoxicity

Health risks associated with inhalation of fine particulate matter of 2.5 µm in diameter or smaller depend on their atmospheric levels and physicochemical properties. The relationships between chemical compositions and genotoxic activities of particles emitted by mineral industries, traffic and urban sources during summer and winter in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) were investigated.

The fine particles were separated in respect to water-soluble (13 minerals and metals) and organic-extractable (16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) components that were quantified. The chromosome damaging properties of the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were assessed using the centromeric micronucleus assay on a human lung fibroblast cell line.

The composition of the fine particulate matter was variable and depended upon the sources and seasons. Both the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts induced chromosome damage: (1) in hydrophilic extracts, Ca and Zn affected chromosome losses induction; (2) acenapthylene affected chromosome damage (breakages and losses) induction and naphthalene affected chromosome damage and losses induction in lipophilic extracts without metabolic activation; and (3) benzo[a]pyrene affected chromosome losses induction in lipophilic extracts with metabolic activation. Fine particulate matter arising from coal-fired power station, road traffic, and other urban sources were the most efficient to induce chromosome breakage.     

Genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environments using caged crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus)

Genotoxicity of freshwater pollution was assessed by measuring DNA damage in haemocytes of caged freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus by the means of Comet assay and micronucleus test, integrated with the measurements of physiological (total protein concentration) and immunological (total haemocyte count) haemolymph parameters as biomarkers of undergone stress. Crayfish were collected at the reference site (River Mre?nica) and exposed in cages for 1 week at three polluted sites along the Sava River (Zagreb, Sisak, Krapje). The long term pollution status of these locations was confirmed by chemical analyses of sediments. Statistically significant increase in DNA damage measured by the Comet assay was observed at all three polluted sites comparing to the crayfish from reference site. In addition, native crayfish from the mildly polluted site (Krapje) cage-exposed on another polluted site (Zagreb) showed lower DNA damage than crayfish from the reference site exposed at the same location indicating adaptation and acclimatisation of crayfish to lower levels of pollution. Micronuclei induction showed similar gradient of DNA damage as Comet assay, but did not reach the statistical significance. Observed increase in total haemocyte count and total protein content in crayfish from polluted environments in the Sava River also confirmed stress caused by exposure to pollution. The results of this study have proved the applicability of caging exposure of freshwater crayfish A. leptodactylus in environmental genotoxicity monitoring using Comet assay and micronucleus test.     

Aerosols near by a coal fired thermal power plant: Chemical composition and toxic evaluation

Industrial processes discharge fine particulates containing organic as well as inorganic compounds into the atmosphere which are known to induce damage to cell and DNA, both in vitro and in vivo. Source and area specific studies with respect to the chemical composition, size and shape of the particles, and toxicity evaluations are very much limited. This study aims to investigate the trace elements associated with the aerosol particles distributed near to a coal burning thermal power plant and to evaluate their toxicity through Comet assay. PM₁₀ (particles determined by mass passing an inlet with a 50% cut-off efficiency having a 10-μm aerodynamic diameter) samples were collected using respirable dust samplers. Twelve elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Se, Hg, and As) were analyzed using ICP-AES. Comet assay was done with the extracts of aerosols in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Results show that Fe and Zn were found to be the predominant elements along with traces of other analyzed elements. Spherical shaped ultrafine particles of <1 μm aerodynamic diameter were detected through scanning electron microscope. PM₁₀ particles near to the coal burning power plant produced comets indicating their potential to induce DNA damage. DNA damage property is found to be depending upon the chemical characteristics of the components associated with the particles besides the physical properties such as size and shape.