捞砂泵捞砂作业安全对策

本文针对清除油井井下积砂施工过程中循环水冲砂工艺存在的不足,提出了负压高效机械式捞砂工艺技术,并概述了该机械捞砂工艺的结构装置、工作原理,同时结合在苏丹黑格里油田现场应用过程中出现的问题,提出了捞砂泵捞砂作业的安全施工对策和措施.该研究对油田安全捞砂施工具有重要的指导意义.     

Combining Coordination of Motion Actuators with Driver Steering Interaction

Objective: A new method is suggested for coordination of vehicle motion actuators; where driver feedback and capabilities become natural elements in the prioritization.

Methods: The method is using a weighted least squares control allocation formulation, where driver characteristics can be added as virtual force constraints. The approach is in particular suitable for heavy commercial vehicles that in general are over actuated. The method is applied, in a specific use case, by running a simulation of a truck applying automatic braking on a split friction surface. Here the required driver steering angle, to maintain the intended direction, is limited by a constant threshold. This constant is automatically accounted for when balancing actuator usage in the method.

Results: Simulation results show that the actual required driver steering angle can be expected to match the set constant well. Furthermore, the stopping distance is very much affected by this set capability of the driver to handle the lateral disturbance, as expected.

Conclusion: In general the capability of the driver to handle disturbances should be estimated in real-time, considering driver mental state. By using the method it will then be possible to estimate e.g. stopping distance implied from this. The setup has the potential of even shortening the stopping distance, when the driver is estimated as active, this compared to currently available systems. The approach is feasible for real-time applications and requires only measurable vehicle quantities for parameterization. Examples of other suitable applications in scope of the method would be electronic stability control, lateral stability control at launch and optimal cornering arbitration.     

合成腐殖酸氧化还原能力与光学性质探究

本文以合成商业腐殖酸Aldrich humic acids(AHA)与国药化学试剂腐殖酸(TJHA)为研究对象,与铁氰化钾反应测定不同浓度AHA与TJHA还原前后氧化还原能力.研究发现,原态和还原态的HA均能向铁氰化钾传递电子,还原后两种HA的氧化还原能力均大于其原态的氧化还原能力.原态和还原态TJHA的单位碳电子转移数(原态1.49 meq·g C-1;还原态20.95 meq·g C-1)均大于AHA(原态0.52 meq·g C-1;还原态1.75 meq·g C-1).同时随着HA浓度的增加,两种HA的原态与还原态单位碳电子转移数均逐渐降低(AHA:0.91—0.52 meq·g C-1;TJHA:13.57—1.49 meq·g C-1),而AHA单位体积电子转移数目逐渐增大(0.002—0.072 meq·L-1),TJHA单位体积电子转移能力无明显变化.这是由于在HA与铁氰化钾电子转移体系中,氧化还原能力的高低与腐殖酸中氧化还原官能团数量和分布有关,与HA粒径大小,分子质量也有关系.进一步通过E465,E4/E6值表明两种HA E465值与浓度呈明显正线性关系,E4/E6值与浓度呈对数增加趋势.三维荧光分析发现,HA还原后,激发/发射(Ex/Em)峰出现蓝移,相对荧光强度降低,说明HA还原的过程中有π—π*的断裂.进一步对HA荧光测定发现TJHA中具有更多数量的氧化还原官能团而AHA中氧化还原官能团种类相对丰富.     

中庭在大型地下商业建筑防火分隔中的应用

某大型地下商业建筑总建筑面积大于20,000m2,防火分隔设计超出现行防火规范的要求。提出一种利用采取强化防火措施的中庭对该地下商业建筑进行防火分隔的方案,并对若干最不利火灾场景进行了数值模拟分析,计算结果表明该防火分隔方案能够达到现行防火规范要求的分隔效果,即使在中庭消防设施失效条件下也可以防止火灾在不同区域之间蔓延。     

Striking a Balance between Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Viability in the Design of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: The establishment of marine protected areas is often viewed as a conflict between conservation and fishing. We considered consumptive and nonconsumptive interests of multiple stakeholders (i.e., fishers, scuba divers, conservationists, managers, scientists) in the systematic design of a network of marine protected areas along California's central coast in the context of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. With advice from managers, administrators, and scientists, a representative group of stakeholders defined biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic goals that accommodated social needs and conserved marine ecosystems, consistent with legal requirements. To satisfy biodiversity goals, we targeted 11 marine habitats across 5 depth zones, areas of high species diversity, and areas containing species of special status. We minimized adverse socioeconomic impacts by minimizing negative effects on fishers. We included fine‐scale fishing data from the recreational and commercial fishing sectors across 24 fisheries. Protected areas designed with consideration of commercial and recreational fisheries reduced potential impact to the fisheries approximately 21% more than protected areas designed without consideration of fishing effort and resulted in a small increase in the total area protected (approximately 3.4%). We incorporated confidential fishing data without revealing the identity of specific fisheries or individual fishing grounds. We sited a portion of the protected areas near land parks, marine laboratories, and scientific monitoring sites to address nonconsumptive socioeconomic goals. Our results show that a stakeholder‐driven design process can use systematic conservation‐planning methods to successfully produce options for network design that satisfy multiple conservation and socioeconomic objectives. Marine protected areas that incorporate multiple stakeholder interests without compromising biodiversity conservation goals are more likely to protect marine ecosystems.     

Response of a Group of Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys to Commercial Logging in the Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract:  Habitat destruction is one of the greatest threats to primates worldwide. To understand the impact of forest logging on the habitat use of primates in temperate mixed forest, we compared the range, habitat used, population size, and diet of a troop (ERT) of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellana ) in the Qinling Mountains before (1989), during (1997), and after (2002–2003) commercial logging. Logging significantly changed the composition of the forest and the food supply for the troop. Some areas were heavily logged and formed patches in the forest that lacked canopy cover. The troop moved 7 km away from their original range when logging took place and returned to their original range after logging stopped, but they avoided heavily logged areas that lacked canopy cover. Their movement indicated some degree of site fidelity in this species. Diet and home range changed after logging, but the population size remained stable, which suggests that this species has some ability to adapt to habitat changes. Our results may reflect a natural flexibility in primates to adapt to the changing food resources in temperate areas with marked seasonal variations in food availability and distribution. This flexibility may have contributed to their higher degree of resilience to habitat alterations caused by human activities compared with tropical forest primates that have a more specialized diet. Our findings provide important baseline information that will help decision makers in their efforts to conserve primates, especially in temperate regions, and to sustainably manage primate habitat.     

我国渔港经济区发展现状、问题及对策探讨

发展渔港经济区对调整渔业产业结构,促进渔业增效和渔民增收,激活渔区经济,加快海洋经济步伐,全面建设小康社会具有重要的意义。对我国渔港经济区的发展现状、特点进行了梳理,在分析目前存在问题的基础上,提出了建设渔港经济区的相关建议,以期对相关决策部门制定战略提供有益参考。     

Reducing commercial fishing deck hazards with engineering solutions for winch design

INTRODUCTION: The majority (67%) of hospitalized injuries among Alaska commercial fishermen are associated with deck machinery. This paper describes the "Prevention Through Design" process to mitigate one serious machinery entanglement hazard posed by a capstan deck winch. METHODS: After observing that the capstan winch provides no entanglement protection and the hydraulic controls are usually out of reach of the entangled person, NIOSH personnel met with fishermen and winch manufacturers to discuss various design solutions to mitigate these hazards. RESULTS: An emergency-stop ("e-stop") system was developed that incorporated a momentary contact button that when pushed, switches a safety-relay that de-energizes the solenoid of an electro-hydraulic valve stopping the rotating winch. The vessel owners that had the e-stop installed enthusiastically recommend it to other fishermen. NIOSH entered into a Proprietary Technology Licensing Agreement with a company to develop the system for commercial use. CONCLUSIONS: This is an example of a practical engineering control that effectively protects workers from a hazardous piece of equipment by preventing injuries due to entanglement. This solution could reduce these types of debilitating injuries and fatalities in this industry.     

环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度,探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求,循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱,可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作,确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案,探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

商业综合体灾害链风险评估研究

为了对商业综合体灾害链进行风险研究,基于链式风险评估模型的建模方法,构建商业综合体灾害链风险评估模型,并应用复杂网络结构对商业综合体灾害链的演化过程进行表征,综合灾害事件的致灾率、灾害损失程度、灾害链的脆弱度3个指标得到每条灾害链的风险度量值,最后以泸州摩尔玛商场爆炸事件为实例进行评估,辨识出每条灾害链的风险值。研究结果表明:该模型与实际情况具有较高的吻合性,为商业综合体次生或衍生灾害的防控提供了可靠的理论依据。