添加猪粪对不同施肥历史土壤细菌群落的影响

为探讨粪肥携带的微生物对土壤微生物的影响，以长期施用粪肥和化肥的土壤为研究对象，耦合传统微生物学培养方法和现代分子微生物学方法，分析了猪粪和灭菌猪粪对2种土壤的细菌数量、群落结构和热代谢活性的影响.结果表明，以9.0t/hm²的用量施入时，猪粪和灭菌猪粪对两种土壤中的可培养细菌数量以及细菌16S-rRNA拷贝数均无明显影响；土壤中的土著微生物对猪粪携带的外源细菌在土壤中定殖具有明显的抑制作用，将2种土壤灭菌后添加猪粪，可培养细菌平均数量较未灭菌土壤分别增加45.96和96.21倍.粪肥输入的化学物质未导致土壤细菌群落结构和相对丰度发生明显变化；而粪肥输入的外源细菌Marinilabiaceae、Porphyromonadaceae、Bacteroidale和Pseudomonadaceae则可以在长期施用化肥的土壤中定殖并对相应的细菌丰度造成影响，但是在长期施用粪肥的土壤中，这些细菌在最开始就被抑制.添加粪肥提高了长期施用化肥土壤的微生物热代谢活性，但对长期施用粪肥的土壤无明显影响.长期施用化肥的土壤受粪源细菌的影响较大，而长期施用粪肥的土壤对粪肥的敏感度降低，对粪肥携带的外源细菌的抑制作用增强.     

Is renewable energy still green? Shaping Australia’s renewable energy enterprise in an age of ecological modernisation

ABSTRACT

Renewable energy (RE) illustrates well the logic of ecological modernisation (EM). This logic has successfully transformed RE from a fringe idea owned by largely environmental actors to a mainstream one embraced by a broader constituency. This mainstream embrace inevitably (re)shapes the renewables enterprise. Not all renewables actors today are driven by environmental goals. Instead, key actors, particularly in corporate or community domains, nurture competing norms and aspirations. How the renewables project is envisaged and the goals it is directed to serve can thus differ considerably. Understanding these differences is important since transformations in the energy domain will not only impact climate protection but shape social futures in significant ways. The analysis proceeds in two interrelated steps: first, empirically – conducting an exploration of some of the main projects and actors in the contemporary Australian RE space; and second, theoretically – considering these empirical developments through an EM lens.     

Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.     

不同驯化方式实现SBR中部分反硝化的对比研究

部分反硝化（NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N）是一种非常具有前景的硝酸盐废水处理方法,其可以结合厌氧氨氧化实现低碳源、低能耗脱氮.本文以葡萄糖为碳源,对比研究3种部分反硝化驯化方式：R1（SBR缺氧）、R2（SBR缺氧-好氧交替运行）、R3（SBR缺氧搅拌伴随低曝气）.经过120d驯化后,对三种反应器污泥进行沿程实验,探索3种反硝化规律.结果显示引入溶解氧驯化后的R2、R3污泥相比R1能够更好地实现部分反硝化,且R3最佳.采用高通量测序技术,对运行109d时R1,R2,R3进行微生物群落结构对比分析.结果显示在有溶解氧参与的R2,R3反应器中的优势菌属为Candidatus Saccharibacteria,相对丰度分别为45.44%和34.96%,这是该菌首次作为反硝化污泥优势菌属被报道.另外R1反应器中微生物多样性要远大于R2,R3,这也从侧面说明R2,R3的反硝化菌更专性.初始pH值对R3驯化污泥影响的批试实验表明,初始pH值对亚硝酸盐积累有明显影响,且初始pH值越高,亚硝酸盐积累越多.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观尺度土壤保持功能的空间分布

景观作为理解和塑造人类社会与环境最具操作性的尺度,其土壤保持功能是实现景观可持续性的重要条件。在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,采用改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观土壤保持功能的空间分布进行研究。研究表明,研究区土壤保持总量为1.699×10~9 t?a~(-1),单位面积土壤保持量为85.39 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1);土壤中N、P、K元素保持量分别为9.25×10~6 t?a~(-1)、6.14×10~6 t?a~(-1)、3.41×10~7 t?a~(-1)。按一级景观估算,土壤保持能力从强到弱依次为林地耕地草地住宅用地未利用地水域;按二级景观估算,土壤保持能力以灌木林地为最高,其次分别为有林地、疏林地、丘陵旱地、平原旱地、高盖度草原、山地旱地、中盖度草原,最差的是盐碱地和裸岩石质地。不同景观的土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长趋势,当植被覆盖度小于50%时,单位面积土壤保持量随植被覆盖度增大而缓慢增加;当植被覆盖度大于50%时,土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度增大而显著增加。因地制宜地提高研究区的植被覆盖度,合理配置景观空间分布格局,有助于景观服务功能的发展,从而对区域生态安全和人类福祉做出更大贡献。     

死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥中抗生素抗性基因及微生物群落分析的干扰

为评估死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,本研究对3种不同类型厌氧消化污泥进行叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)处理,比较在PMA屏蔽死菌DNA PCR扩增情况下污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析结果与未经PMA处理情况下的差异.结果表明,经PMA处理后,剩余污泥自厌氧消化样品和高含固厌氧消化污泥样品中的ARGs丰度分别下降了41%～86%和74%～98%;污泥水解液厌氧消化15 d后的污泥样品中ARGs下降幅度相对较小,但降幅最高也达到34%.PMA处理对3个来源不同的厌氧消化污泥微生物群落组成分析结果呈现不同程度的影响,对高含固厌氧消化污泥的微生物群落结构分析影响最为显著.在经PMA处理与未经PMA处理两种情况下,厌氧消化污泥ARGs与微生物群落组成相关性分析的结果也截然不同.研究证明了死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,采用PMA预处理能够更准确地反映厌氧消化污泥中的微生物群落及菌体携带ARGs的特征.     

模拟升温对冰川前缘地微生物种群的影响

由于全球变暖影响,冰川处于不断退缩状态.本研究以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前缘地3个不同退缩年代的土样为研究对象,设置2个温度处理,分别为5℃与15℃,通过150d室内培养实验,探讨升温对冰川前缘地微生物种群的影响.结果表明,在原始样品中,随土壤样品退缩年代的增加,土壤总碳氮含量增加,微生物的数量及α多样性增加. 150d培养实验结果表明:细菌、古菌拷贝数随升温发生变化,但改变未达显著水平.此外,升温改变微生物群落结构,且对不同样点微生物群落结构影响不同.通过对升温后变化显著的优势OTUs进行分析,退缩年代较短的样点对升温响应更为明显,主要表现为Thiobacillus属相对丰度的升高.结果表明,冰川前缘地微生物对变暖响应的土壤异质性,其结果可为高山冰川地区升温下微生物的特征变化提供参考信息.     

不同营养环境下棕鞭藻共栖细菌的群落结构比较

微藻富含油脂,可以用作合成生物柴油的原料,被认为是最具发展前景的生物质能源.微藻的光合培养体系往往是非纯培养体系,现有研究更多地关注微藻生物量的积累及其对废水环境的净化效果,而对体系中广泛存在的共栖细菌缺乏全面深入的认知.本文通过对棕鞭藻共栖细菌的16S rDNA基因进行高通量测序分析,研究棕鞭藻（Ochromonas）在生活废水、BG11及Glu+BG11（BG11中添加10 g·L^-1葡萄糖）3种不同营养环境中共栖细菌的群落结构差异,进而阐明有机物及复杂废水环境对微藻共栖细菌群落结构的影响效果.结果表明,生活废水、BG11及Glu+BG11 3种营养环境中共栖细菌群落结构存在显著差异,生活废水体系中生物多样性显著高于BG11及Glu+BG11体系,生活废水中共栖细菌香浓（Shannon）多样性指数高达4.32,其次是BG11及Glu+BG11,Shannon指数分别为2.13、1.54.从共栖细菌群落的组成上看,3种营养环境中优势菌属差异显著,生活废水中优势菌属有芽殖杆菌属（Gemmobacter）、鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）及玫瑰球菌属（Roseococcus）,相对丰度分别为14.46%、14.9%、14.54%,其中,芽殖杆菌属只在生活废水中有较高丰度.BG11中寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）与玫瑰球菌属的丰度分别高达26.86%、51.03%.Glu+BG11中寡养单胞菌属较BG11中显著增加,达到82.41%,而玫瑰球菌属较生活废水及BG11中则明显降低,菌群丰度仅为6.2%.对比3种营养环境,玫瑰球菌属均具有较高丰度,是棕鞭藻良好的共生菌.     

纳米零价铁(NZVI)对厌氧产甲烷活性、污泥特性和微生物群落结构的影响

重点比较了纳米零价铁(NZVI)和微米级铁(ZVI)短期暴露条件下,厌氧产甲烷过程中污泥产甲烷活性、污泥生理生化特征、细胞膜磷脂组成和微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,NZVI组中累积产甲烷量随着NZVI投加浓度的增加降低.5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组累积产甲烷量未受影响.5 d时NZVI(100~5 000 mg·L~(-1))组铁离子浓度是空白组的1.6~7.4倍,5 000mg·L~(-1)ZVI组铁离子浓度略高于空白组.5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组胞外聚合物总量大幅下降为空白组的21.1%,而活菌比仍可保持在空白组的79.7%.辅酶F420和辅酶M含量在5 000 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组中为空白组的40.2%和61.6%,但100 mg·L~(-1)NZVI组和5 000 mg·L~(-1)ZVI组中辅酶F420含量升高为空白组的1.3倍.不同实验组污泥支链脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的总含量为:ZVI-5 000(21.18%)空白组(19.37%)NZVI-1000(16.69%)NZVI-5000(15.94%)NZVI-100(12.08%).NZVI可使环境中铁离子浓度升高和细胞膜流动性下降,降低细胞活性和产甲烷关键辅酶活性,从而对产甲烷过程造成抑制;主成分分析和冗余分析表明,厌氧系统中微生物群落组成可受到NZVI的影响发生较大变化,Nakamurella、Bacillus、Trichococcus和Petrimonas对NZVI耐受性高.     

长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥活性的恢复

为探究长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的脱氮性能,采用CSTR反应器,接种4℃下储存了10个月的亚硝化絮状污泥,考察其活性恢复性能,并采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,控制DO为0.4~0.8mg·L~(-1)、pH值8左右、温度为(30±1)℃等条件,长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的活性可以在15 d内迅速恢复,氨氮去除率和亚硝积累率均达到90%以上;此外,污泥颜色由接种初期的灰黑色迅速恢复至棕黄色,SVI值显著降低,MLVSS/MLSS升高,EPS含量明显增加.随着亚硝化性能的恢复,厌氧、发酵微生物被洗脱,Nitrosomonas等氨氧化细菌相对丰度显著增加,同时,Nitrospria等硝化菌的生长得到了有效抑制.经历长期储存的亚硝化絮状污泥可作为实现短程硝化快速启动的接种污泥,更有利于短程硝化工艺的实际应用.