缓释碳源生态基质对低碳氮比河水脱氮效果研究

通过缓释碳源生态基质颗粒脱氮效果实验,比较了缓释碳源生态基质颗粒填料柱与普通砾石填料柱对各种形态氮的去除效果.结果发现,装填生态基质颗粒的实验组出水NO_2~--N、NO_3~--N和TN去除率分别为90.60%、90.32%和63.66%,明显高于对照组-16.39%、-1.51%和25.06%的去除率,说明缓释碳源生态基质可显著增强反硝化作用强度,提高TN去除率.高通量分析结果表明,生态基质组相对丰度超过1%的菌属数量高于对照组,其中,反硝化菌属相对丰度达到30%以上,生态基质释放的纤维素碳源有利于异养反硝化微生物的生长繁殖,使反应器内的微生物群落结构发生显著改变,提高了脱氮效率.     

微塑料对近岸多环芳烃降解菌群结构及其降解能力的影响

近海岸微塑料的污染问题日益突出,对周围生态环境造成了严重的影响.微塑料研究主要集中于微塑料在生物体内的积累,而有关微塑料对微生物生态的影响研究还很少.本文针对受微塑料影响较严重的近岸环境,从受石油污染的近岸水体中富集驯化得到功能菌群菲降解菌群MB1,探究微塑料对近岸菲降解菌群结构及降解能力的影响.结果表明:微塑料的添加在一定程度上促进菲的降解;SEM扫描电镜分析进一步显示微生物附着在微塑料上并分泌丝状物质;采用Illumina序列分析添加微塑料后菌群结构的变化,发现培养6 d后在有添加微塑料的体系中优势菌属以Glaciecola为主,而未添加的对照组中优势菌属是Rhdovulum,说明微塑料的添加可明显改变降解多环芳烃的菌群结构,进而影响污染物的降解能力.     

基于CESM-EnSRF系统全球甲烷及臭氧卫星资料同化试验研究

臭氧(O3)与甲烷(CH4)均是大气中重要的微量气体,对全球气候变化有着重要的影响.为提高全球范围的臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的预报效果,使用集合平方根滤波(En SRF)同化方法及地球系统模式(CESM)构建了CESM-En SRF卫星资料同化预报系统,并通过设计试验,将大气红外探测器(AIRS)的臭氧与甲烷观测资料同化到气候模式中,对模式的同化再预报效果进行系统的测试与评估.结果显示,臭氧、甲烷分析集合均值的偏差及均方根误差皆低于背景集合均值的偏差及均方根误差.臭氧、甲烷的同化再预报偏差及均方根误差较控制实验都得到改善,但对5 h Pa以上高度臭氧预报准确性的改进效果很小.随循环同化的进行,平流层臭氧与甲烷的平均同化改进率呈增加趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定;对流层平均同化改进率随时间变化不明显.试验表明,该系统可有效利用臭氧与甲烷的观测资料对模式场进行合理的改善,从而有效地提高臭氧、甲烷在气候模式中的再预报效果,但对于平流层顶-中间层高度(5 h Pa以上)臭氧预报准确度的提高,模式中臭氧光化学过程的准确模拟较同化观测资料具有更重要的作用.此外,循环同化对提高5~150 h Pa高度臭氧及1~200 h Pa高度甲烷在CESM模式中的预报效果最有效.     

温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.     

Does job insecurity threaten who you are? Introducing a social identity perspective to explain well‐being and performance consequences of job insecurity

This paper introduces a social identity perspective to job insecurity research. Worrying about becoming jobless, we argue, is detrimental because it implies an anticipated membership of a negatively evaluated group—the group of unemployed people. Job insecurity hence threatens a person's social identity as an employed person. This in turn will affect well‐being and job performance. A three‐wave survey study amongst 377 British employees supports this perspective. Persons who felt higher levels of job insecurity were more likely to report a weaker social identity as an employed person. This effect was found to be stable over time and also held against a test of reverse causality. Furthermore, social identity as an employed person influenced well‐being and in‐role job performance and mediated the effect of job insecurity on these two variables over time. Different to the expectations, social identity as an employed person and organisational proactivity were not connected. The findings deliver interesting evidence for the role of social identity as an employed person in the relationships between job insecurity and its consequences. Theoretically, this perspective illustrates the individual and group‐related nature of job insecurity and offers a novel way of connecting work situations with individual well‐being, behaviour and attitudes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An observational study of child safety seat use in an international safe community: Tehran,Iran

Objective: Despite strong evidence of the effectiveness of child safety seats in reducing injuries, the use of these devices in some communities is still rare. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of child safety seat use and the factors influencing its use in the safe community of Tehran.

Methods: This roadside observational study was conducted in 2015 and 2,178 personal cars with a child under 12 years aboard were observed on Tehran's streets in regard to use of child safety seats. Other variables such as the gender of the driver, driver's age group, type of street, region of municipality, time of day, and day of the week were also collected.

Results: Prevalence of child safety seat use was 4.3% and was significantly higher among women drivers, on freeways, and in municipal regions 1, 4, and 7.

Conclusions: The prevalence of child safety seat use in Tehran as a most populous member of the international safe community was very low and most children commuted in insecure situations in the vehicle. Therefore, it is proposed that plans should be made to increase the use of child safety seats in international safe communities.     

一组小麦秸秆好氧分解菌系的构建及组成多样性

采用"外淘汰法"在常温、好氧条件下构建了一组稳定、有效降解小麦秸秆的复合系.复合系分解能力的研究表明,在100mL改良CMC培养基(液面深度2 cm和直径9 cm)中,分解的前6 d复合系保持较高分解能力,减重率达到66.1%,6 d后复合系分解能力逐渐减弱,到第10 d时减重率达到77.0%.1.86 g秸秆各成分中,纤维素分解0.78 g,半纤维素分解0.16 g,木质素分解0.24 g.复合系组成多样性的研究表明,通过克隆文库构建和单菌株分离共确定出13个菌属的微生物,优势菌属有Hydrogenophaga、Pseudomonas、Bacteroides和Clostridium,占100个阳性克隆子的78%.系统发育关系表明,克隆文库和单菌分离技术分别所确定的微生物种类及亲缘关系存在一定的差异;Isolated 7(FJ439527)和Clone 86(EU834839)与假单胞菌属中的厦门藻(Pseudomonas xiamenensis)亲缘关系较近.     

活性污泥高质量RNA快速提取方法研究

通过比较RNA产量、纯度、降解程度、特定基因的扩增能力、微生物多样性等评价指标,考察和探讨了5种不同RNA提取方法对活性污泥总RNA提取效果的影响并最终建立了一种快速、有效的活性污泥RNA提取方法,即在TENP和PBS洗涤沉淀污泥的基础上,分别采用溶菌酶和TRIzol裂解活性污泥细菌、氯仿去除细菌裂解液中的蛋白和大部分DNA、异丙醇沉淀核酸和DNase I水解残留DNA后,最后进一步用离心柱纯化RNA.结果表明,这种方法可以有效提取高质量的菌群RNA,不仅提取的RNA总量多(每g污泥可提取169.6μg RNA)、纯度高、降解程度低、完整性好、具有丰富的生物多样性,而且可同时进行16SrRNA和amoA基因的RT-PCR扩增反应;与其它方法相比,性价比高,具有明显的优越性,适用于活性污泥RNA的大量提取,同时,T-RFLP结果证明RNA提取方法对分析样品的微生物种类和丰度分析结果影响较大,不同的RNA提取方法所获得的微生物群落基因多样性及其种类、丰度均不同.本研究建立了一种快速、有效的高质量RNA提取方法,将在监测活性污泥菌群动态变化、菌群代谢功能学、微生物群落芯片等研究上具有重要意义.     

PCR-DGGE技术分析倒置A~2/O工艺处理染织废水中的微生物区系

基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)技术研究了倒置A2/O(anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic)工艺处理染织废水过程中的微生物群落结构.从兼氧、厌氧和好氧区共取6个不同处理阶段的样品,测量了不同处理阶段样品的COD、pH、NH4+-N、H2S、总磷(TP)、污泥含量(TS)、色度及其脱除率,并分析了这些指标的变化规律.结果显示,COD在处理后期降到了145mg·L-1,NH4+-N的脱除率可达到85%,硫化氢的去除率达到了90%以上,磷的脱除率可达80%以上,TS处于逐渐升高的趋势,色度的脱除率达到65%.DGGE图谱显示,好氧处理阶段的微生物多样性明显比兼氧处理和厌氧处理的阶段的要丰富.     

转制社区环保管理中存在的问题及对策——以广州市黄埔区为例

转制社区作为城市化过渡阶段的新生儿,其环保管理工作任重道远。该研究以广州市黄埔区作为对象,发现当前转制社区环保管理工作中普遍存在着居民环保意识不强、环保设备缺乏、管理部门职权不明确、执法力度不够和社区干部素质偏低等问题,针对此类问题,深入思考其原因及提出提高人口和社区干部素质、加大环保资金投入、社区自治等解决对策,,从而有利于改善人居环境,建立和谐社区。并且对今后转制社区中的环保管理工作提供参考。