Remediation of Cu and As contaminated water and soil utilizing biochar supported layered double hydroxide: Mechanisms and soil environment altering

Preparing materials for simultaneous remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals contamination has always been the focus of research. Herein a biochar supported FeMnMg layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (LB) for simultaneous remediation of copper and arsenic contamination in water and soil has been assembled by a facile co-precipitation approach. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies of heavy metals removal by LB were applied to look into the adsorption performance of adsorbents in water. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu and As by LB were investigated, showing that Cu in aqueous solution was removed by the isomorphic substitution, precipitation and electrostatic adsorption while As was removed by complexation. In addition, the availability of Cu and As in the soil incubation experiments was reduced by 35.54%–63.00% and 8.39%–29.04%, respectively by using LB. Meanwhile, the addition of LB increased the activities of urease and sucrase by 93.78%–374.35% and 84.35%–520.04%, respectively, of which 1% of the dosage was the best. A phenomenon was found that the richness and structure of microbial community became vigorous within 1% dosage of LB, which indirectly enhanced the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals. These results indicated that the soil environment was significantly improved by LB. This research demonstrates that LB would be an imaginably forceful material for the remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals in contaminated water and soil.     

从“治”到“化”的规模化养殖场废物处理的循环经济模式

首先讨论了“治”字思维模式下,我国禽畜养殖业规模化养殖场存在污染物既不经济又不环保的严峻现实问题。事实上,规模化禽畜养殖场产生的“废物”,既是严重的污染源,又是一种必须利用的资源。因此,针对规模化养殖场的污染物“治”字思维问题,在立足于粪便及污水的综合利用100%“资源化”的“化”字思维指导下,遵循循环经济原则,建立无废无污开放式闭合循环的生态经济新模式。一方面,养殖业所有流程按循环利用原则,实行生态工艺或无废工艺的改造;另一方面,在一个大的区域里把畜禽养殖业与其它产业,特别是大农业中的种植业以生态经济循环链锁关系配置成首尾相接的“废料—原料”的循环经济新模式,在达到边际成本最低的同时取得边际效益的最大化。     

Analysis on sensitivity and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

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浅谈生态平衡的破坏和重建

通过列举古今中外实例 ,从生态学角度 ,阐述生态平衡的重要性及深远意义 ,警示世人大自然法则不容破坏 ,保护和重建生态平衡就是保护人类的生存与发展。     

黄海北部对虾放流区的浮游植物群落结构

１９９７年８月于黄海北部对虾放流区，共采集到浮游植物３２种，浮游植物细胞数量为１．７３５６×１０５个／ｍ３，其群落结构特征为：（１）本调查区域浮游植物群落结构简单，个别种类优势明显。（２）各纵断面间４个指数值有较大差异，沿岸两个横断面４个指数值较接近。（３）沿岸调查区与远海浮游植物相似性较小．远海各岛间虽然距离较远，但是浮游植物群落相似性比沿岸各断面间要好。     

鼓泡法对聚天冬氨酸阻垢性能的评价

用鼓泡法对六种聚天冬氨酸 (Polyasparticacid ,PASP)的阻碳酸钙垢性能进行了评价 ,考察了pH值、阻垢剂用量、温度、恒温时间等对阻垢性能的影响。研究发现 ,阻垢率随着聚天冬用量的增加而增大 ,其用量在 1 0mg/L时 ,已能获得较好的阻垢效果。另外 ,与聚丙烯酸 (PAA)和聚马来酸 (HPMA)的比较发现 ,聚天冬在高温水系统中作长时间停留 ,仍对碳酸钙垢有较强的抑制作用     

Survey of discomfort glare from the headlamps of cars widely used in Iran

Objective: On 2-lane roads, discomfort glare can cause annoyance, discomfort, inconvenience, stress, and fatigue to drivers, posing a risk of accidents. The aim of this study is to evaluate discomfort glare from the headlamps of cars widely used in Iran.

Methods: The discomfort glare of new vehicles including Pride Saba model GTX, Pride Model 131SL, Samand Soren, Peugeot 405, Megane, and Peugeot Pars was examined at distances of 5 to 100 m at a background luminance of 50 cd/m² (late twilight/early dawn lighting) and 1 cd/m² (nighttime) using Schmidt-Clausen and Bindels model and de Boer's subjective scale.

Results: According to the de Boer scale, at a background luminance of 50 cd/m², the discomfort glare for all studied vehicles was between 1.98 and 4.05 in high-beam mode and between 3.5 and 5.4 in low-beam mode. At a background luminance of 1 cd/m², discomfort glare was between 0.41 and 2.48 in high-beam mode and between 1.93 and 3.84 in low-beam mode. In high-beam mode, the average levels of discomfort glare of these vehicles gradually increased when the distance between cars was reduced by up to about 20 m. In low-beam mode, there was no discomfort glare up to a vehicle distance of 40 m. In addition, at an angle of 1.15°–5.73° between the line of sight and light of vehicles in high-beam mode, the level of discomfort glare was increased, but at an angle of 5.73°–22.9° the level of discomfort glare was reduced. In low-beam mode at an angle of 2.86°–22.9°, the level of discomfort glare was almost identical. The results show that in high-beam mode and with a 100-m distance between vehicles as well as in low-beam mode at intervals of less than 40 m between cars, discomfort glare is created.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that by providing solutions such as installing road lighting system, an increase in luminance of roads, separating or widening road lanes, increasing the lateral distance between vehicles, and increasing the angle between lighted vehicles and drivers can noticeably reduce discomfort glare.     

资源环境承载力评估新视角:行星边界框架的源起、发展与展望

将人类活动规模与强度控制在自然生态系统可承载限度之内,是可持续发展理论的核心要义。行星边界框架所秉持的“地球系统观”,为资源环境承载力评估提供了新视角,一经提出便在国际可持续发展领域引发极大关注与热烈讨论。本文系统阐述了行星边界框架的理论基础及其内涵演进,着重论述了该框架在国家、省域、市域和组织等不同尺度的发展与应用,深入探讨了其面临的挑战与改进方向,并与传统资源环境承载力研究范式进行了比较。研究表明:行星边界框架以复杂系统稳态和突变理论为基础,是历史经验与科学研究有机结合的产物。作为对现有资源环境承载力评估体系的有益补充,该框架由全球尺度向区域尺度拓展时,遵循自上而下分配与自下而上整合两条路径。当前行星边界框架中关于生物物理过程的尺度效应与交互机制的阐述较为薄弱,导致其变量选取与边界设置仍存较大争议,在与环境影响评价相整合、向社会经济维度拓展等方面面临方法学挑战。今后应从理论基础、技术方法、实践应用等方面继续深化研究,提升行星边界框架在可持续发展目标（SDGs）等全球重大公共议题中的政策价值。     

基于源地综合识别与多尺度嵌套的徐州生态网络构建

传统生态网络构建时,生态源地的辨识多考虑生境斑块的质量和面积,较少考虑斑块生态系统服务功能与空间结构的影响;且多从一个尺度在相对封闭的系统单元内进行网络构建,缺乏尺度间的嵌套协调,易导致其结构性错位。通过构建“属性—功能—结构”三位一体的源地综合识别指标体系,基于最小费用路径、电路理论、移动窗口搜索法等方法,构建并叠置分析徐州都市区和主城区两个尺度的生态网络,并提出优化策略。结果表明：（1）两尺度生态源地重合面积79.85 km²,廊道重合长度158.42 km,重合面积45.68 km²,重叠区域对多尺度生态网络衔接稳定至关重要,需重点保护;对都市区至关重要却缺乏主城区下垫面支撑的8条廊道要优先修复。（2）识别都市区与主城区夹点分别为17处与18处,重合10处;障碍点8处与10处,重合5处。生物迁移关键区域高迁移阻力与大优化潜力并存,亟需优先修复。生物过程跨尺度的连续性要求采用多尺度级联框架协同应对生态问题。（3）基于“斑块—廊道—基质”理论从“点—线—面”三个角度提出徐州多尺度嵌套生态网络的优化策略。研究结果可为区域生态安全格局构建、国土综合整治与生态系统修复提供决策参考。     

三江平原沼泽湿地底栖无脊椎动物群落特征

为探明现阶段三江平原沼泽湿地底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及物种多样性,于2017年春、夏、秋3个季节对6个样点开展了调查.共记录3门41科72种,以水生昆虫和腹足纲为主.平均密度为（139.68±29.13）ind./m²,季节上,底栖无脊椎动物密度表现为秋季>春季>夏季.三江平原沼泽湿地主要优势种具有一定的季节性变化,其中,西伯利亚盘螺Valvata sibirica为3个季节共有优势种.指示物种分析表明：春季指示种为Potamonectes sp.,夏季指示种为Lethocerus sp.、Gyraulus centrifugus、Erpobdellidae sp.;秋季指示种为Sgementina nitida.整体上,春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H'）、均匀度指数（J）、Margalef丰富度指数（d_M）均比夏、秋季高.单因素方差分析表明,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（F=1.480,p=0.259）、Margalef丰富度指数（F=0.056,p=0.946）、Pielou均匀性指数（F=2.038,p=0.165）均不存在季节性差异.