Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

上海市地表灰尘中PAHs季节变化与功能区差异

研究了上海市中心城区地表灰尘中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节变化与功能区差异,并探讨了这种变化特征的原因.结果表明,上海市中心城区地表灰尘中PAHs累积水平具有显著的季节变化,PAHs总量和组分均表现出冬季含量高于夏季的特征.冬季样品中PAHs含量为9 176～32?573 ng·g^-1,平均值为20 648 ng·g^-1;而夏季PAHs含量为6?875～27?766 ng·g^-1,平均值仅为14?098 ng·g^-1.PAHs组分也表现出相似特征,冬季含量为50(二氢苊)～3 162 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘),夏季含量为3(苊)～1 485 ng·g^-1 (茚并［1,2,3-c,d ］芘).各个功能区地表灰尘PAHs含量的差异明显.冬季最高值出现在工业区（31 163 ng·g^-1）、商业区（24 932 ng·g^-1）和交通要道（18 815 ng·g^-1）,最低值出现在公园（7 885 ng·g^-1）和绿地（8 036 ng·g^-1）;夏季最低值出现在公园（7 942 ng·g^-1）,最高值出现在交通要道（14 528 ng·g^-1）、工业区（14 247 ng·g^-1）和商业区（11 523 ng·g^-1）.所有功能区样品中PAHs组分含量呈现出按环数或分子量的增加而逐渐升高的趋势.大城市地表灰尘中PAHs的季节变化与功能区差异与其来源密切相关,也受到各组分理化性质的影响.     

DO C/N对同步硝化反硝化影响的试验研究

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)内,以模拟的城市污水为处理对象,研究DO、C/N等因素对同步硝化反硝化脱氮效率的影响。研究表明:采用连续曝气工艺,在进水COD=200mg/L,NH4+-N=30mg/L条件下,控制DO在0.5～1.5mg/L范围内时,出水TN浓度为1.98～6.3mg/L,TN的平均去除率在80%以上,最高去除率达到93.74%,并可推断出在反应系统内存在好氧反硝化菌;C/N在3.3～10之间时,C/N越高,出水NO3--N浓度越低,SND效果越好。     

梯形渠道岸边排污浓度分布的理论分析

从无限区域圆形瞬时源扩散的浓度分布公式人手,推导出梯形区域内瞬时线源扩散的近似浓度计算公式,进而得到了梯形渠道岸边排污的浓度分布公式计算公式表明,边坡倾角对污染物的浓度分布影响较大,浓度值随边坡倾角的增加而减小,近似遵循双曲线的递减规律.浓度分布解析解得到了扩散方程数值解的良好验证,两者在污染源附近有所差异,但随着距污染源距离的增加,计算结果愈加吻合,该解析公式可为天然河流岸边污染混合区的污染物浓度估算提供有力的工具.     

二甲基甲酰胺环境标准浓度值研究

根据国外二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的环境标准浓度值、美国环保局工业环境实验室和苏联学者IO.A.KPOTOB等所建立的环境标准计算公式及DMF的嗅觉阈浓度,遵循与经济、技术发展水平和相关方的承受能力相适应原则。建议DMF长期(日均)质量标准浓度值为0.1mg/m3,短期(时均)质量标准浓度值为0.15mg/m3,厂界标准浓度值为0.15mg/m3。     

Carrousel氧化沟单个表曝机流态的模型试验和分析比较

对仅安装1个倒伞形表面曝气机(简称表曝机)的Carrousel氧化沟模型进行了水力学测定,通过颗粒动态分析仪(PDA)系统分析流出和流入表曝机一侧的液体流动速度、沉降速度,以及固体含量分布.结果表明,流出表曝机一侧,距表曝机较近的x轴位置流速较大;沉降速度沿y轴有个转折点,位于沟壁与挡板的中间;远离单个表曝机,固体含量逐渐增大.并将单个表曝机的测量结果与氧化沟内安装2个表曝机的流动试验进行比较,发现2个表曝机所产生的流场与单个表曝机产生的流场差别较大,且2个表曝机所产生的流场更稳定.      

西南典型高原山地城市大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征及来源解析

利用大气细颗粒物采样仪器(青岛崂应2050型)和黑碳仪(SootScanTM Model OT21),于2016年5月至2017年4月对贵阳市城区大气黑碳进行了连续采样和监测.结果表明,大气黑炭的浓度为1.17～12.77 μg/m3,平均值为5.19±1.91 μg/m3,季节变化特征呈现为冬季＞秋季＞春季≈夏季.大...     

黄土高原半干旱区侧柏林群落土壤呼吸日变化及季节动态变化特征

Desertification is one of the most serious eco-environmental problems around Qinghai Lake. Based on GIS and RS, GIS analysis was used to obtain the information of spatial-temporal change and different pattern of desertification in each county around Qinghai Lake in four phases of 1976, 1987, 1995 and 2006. Using the function of intersect and overlay supported by ARCGIS, with analyzing attributes of vector RS images, we obtained transition data and established transfer matrix of land-use types in recent 30 years, besides, protracted land-use transition maps of all desertification classes. In further, we analyzed transition quantity and direction of desertification in each county, moreover, reconstructed the process of spatial-temporal evolution of desertification. The results are showed below: (1) it′s the transition between desertified land and others but not in the desertified that played the main role in Gangcha and Gonghe County, while the transfer between desertified lands were greater than that with other land-use types in Haiyan County. (2) Extremely severe desertified land mainly distributes in Ketu and Sand Islands that belongs to Haiyan County, and moderate desertified land in riversides of Gangcha County, also, the light desertification expanded too rapidly to become the most desertified land-use type in the surrounding of Qinghai Lake since 1976. (3) By using relative change rate of desertified land, the regional variability rank from top to toe was Gangcha, Haiyan and Gonghe.     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.     

标准受限空间内细水雾熄灭煤油火的实验和数值模拟

在3.0m×3.0m×2.8m标准受限空间内,采用煤油模拟池火,火灾功率设定为195kW,进行了一系列细水雾灭火试验。对灭火时间做了详细记录,并实验研究了灭火时间的重现性及其相关因素。采用M-9000燃烧分析仪对细水雾施加前后火灾烟气(如氧气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫)的浓度进行了在线测量。其结果表明:细水雾灭火系统熄灭煤油火的时间均在20s以内,灭火时间重现性保持在91.9%以内;施加细水雾后,氧气浓度降低,一氧化碳浓度升高,燃烧更加不完全。采用FDS模拟了细水雾熄灭煤油火,预测的温度场和灭火时间与实验结果吻合较好。