土壤中金属阳离子对Cl-离子吸附的诱导效应

使用三种可变电荷土壤和一种恒电荷土壤 ,研究电解质溶液中金属阳离子对Cl-离子吸附的影响 .结果表明 ,在可变电荷土壤中 ,金属阳离子对Cl- 离子的吸附有明显的诱导效应 ,影响大小次序为 :AlCl3>CuCl2 >KCl>NaCl.而在恒电荷土壤中影响不大     

On the selection of primary variables in numerical formulation for modeling multiphase flow in porous media

Selecting the proper primary variables is a critical step in efficiently modeling the highly nonlinear problem of multiphase subsurface flow in a heterogeneous porous-fractured media. Current simulation and ground modeling techniques consist of (1) spatial discretization of mass and/or heat conservation equations using finite difference or finite element methods; (2) fully implicit time discretization; (3) solving the nonlinear, discrete algebraic equations using a Newton iterative scheme. Previous modeling efforts indicate that the choice of primary variables for a Newton iteration not only impacts computational performance of a numerical code, but may also determine the feasibility of a numerical modeling study in many field applications. This paper presents an analysis and general recommendations for selecting primary variables in simulating multiphase, subsurface flow for one-active phase (Richards' equation), two-phase (gas and liquid) and three-phase (gas, water and nonaqueous phase liquid or NAPL) conditions. In many cases, a dynamic variable switching or variable substitution scheme may have to be used in order to achieve optimal numerical performance and robustness. The selection of primary variables depends in general on the sensitivity of the system of equations to the variables selected at given phase and flow conditions. We will present a series of numerical tests and large-scale field simulation examples, including modeling one (active)-phase, two-phase and three-phase flow problems in multi-dimensional, porous-fractured subsurface systems.     

A closer look at detectability

Environmental and Ecological Statistics - The theory underlying line transect and variable circular plot surveys—distance sampling—begins with an assumed detectability function, giving...     

Conditional and unconditional estimators of population size

Estimators for the population sizes of animal species are similar to Horvitz-Thompson estimators — they involve dividing counts of detected animals by the probabilities of detection. Knowing detection probabilities for different subpopulations allows one to estimate each sub-population size with such an estimator, and to add the results for an estimator of the total population. In the case where the proportions of animals belonging to the different sub-populations are also known, this paper shows that using those proportions to arrive at a common average detection probability will, when used in conjunction with the total number of animals detected, result in a better estimator. We provide two examples where the inferior estimator may seem sensible.     

基于粒子群优化的DGM（1,1）模型在基坑变形安全预测中的研究

为确保基坑施工期间发生变形后能够正常使用,将变权缓冲算子结合DGM(1,1)模型构造出变权离散灰色模型,利用相对误差、后验差比,灰色绝对关联度3种精度检验法作为粒子群算法适应度建立模型,构造PSO-VWDGM(1,1)模型,并结合实际工程监测数据研究不同适应度对基坑变形预测精度的影响。研究结果表明:不同适应度函数对预测精度存在较大影响,以灰色绝对关联度作为适应度建立模型预测精度较高,可以更好应用在工程中。研究成果可为工程施工阶段的基坑变形预测、稳定性分析与灾害评估、预警提供参考。     

冶金生产企业风险分级研究

冶金行业存在诸多风险,对其进行风险分级研究可以更好地做好预防工作。首先对冶金企业的危险有害因素进行了辨识;其次,建立冶金企业风险指标体系;最后,运用MATLAB与灰色变权聚类分析法计算风险等级。结果表明,违反操作规程的风险等级最高,是影响冶金企业生产风险级别的最高指标,遵守操作规程是企业安全工作的管理重点。     

Reducing the risk of rear-end collisions with infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integration of variable speed limit control and adaptive cruise control system

Objective: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) has been investigated recently to explore ways to increase traffic capacity, stabilize traffic flow, and improve traffic safety. However, researchers seldom have studied the integration of ACC and roadside control methods such as the variable speed limit (VSL) to improve safety. The primary objective of this study was to develop an infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) integrated system that incorporated both ACC and VSL to reduce rear-end collision risks on freeways.

Methods: The intelligent driver model was firstly modified to simulate ACC behavior and then the VSL strategy used in this article was introduced. Next, the I2V system was proposed to integrate the 2 advanced techniques, ACC and VSL. Four scenarios of no control, VSL only, ACC only, and the I2V system were tested in simulation experiments. Time exposed time to collision (TET) and time integrated time to collision (TIT), 2 surrogate safety measures derived from time to collision (TTC), were used to evaluate safety issues associated with rear-end collisions. The total travel times of each scenario were also compared.

Results: The simulation results indicated that both the VSL-only and ACC-only methods had a positive impact on reducing the TET and TIT values (reduced by 53.0 and 58.6% and 59.0 and 65.3%, respectively). The I2V system combined the advantages of both ACC and VSL to achieve the most safety benefits (reduced by 71.5 and 77.3%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis of the TTC threshold also showed that the I2V system obtained the largest safety benefits with all of the TTC threshold values. The impact of different market penetration rates of ACC vehicles in I2V system indicated that safety benefits increase with an increase in ACC proportions.

Conclusions: Compared to VSL-only and ACC-only scenarios, this integrated I2V system is more effective in reducing rear-end collision risks. The findings of this study provide useful information for traffic agencies to implement novel techniques to improve safety on freeways.     

湿法脱硫石膏脱水系统设备配置及优化

石膏脱水系统作为FGD的重要辅助系统,对于吸收塔运行指标、荣液条件、物料平衡、经济运行、副产物综合利用都有重要作用。介绍了湿法脱硫石膏一、二级脱水系统的流程和设备特点,着重分析研究了系统中一级脱水设备、皮带机冲洗系统、滤液水系统、废水旋流设备等的配置、选型和优化方案。     

矿工个体变量与安全认识水平的关系研究

使用中国矿业大学安全管理研究所设计的安全认识测量量表（SCSS）,抽样调查某矿关于38个安伞相关问题的认识,并将统计结果与事故经历、年龄、工龄、文化程度和职务等5个体变量因素进行分析。结果发现安全管理部门员工的总体安全认识水平比生产区队高（Sig．=0．006）,年龄越大、工龄越长员工的总体安全认识水平也越高（Sig．分别为0．050和0．017）,没有工伤经历比有过工伤经历的员对安全相关问题的看法更积极（Sig．=0．042）,而文化程度、职务等变量对总体安全认识水平的影响则没有达到显著程度（Sig．分别为0．566和0．067）。论文所揭示的变量与安全认识的关系,有助于相关研究的深入。     

Growth and photosynthetic responses to copper in wild grapevine

The present study evaluates the tolerance and accumulation potential of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris under moderate and high external Cu levels. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of a range of external Cu concentrations (0–23 mmol L⁻¹) on growth and photosynthetic performance by measuring gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments. We also measured the total copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and sodium concentrations in the plant tissues. All the experimental plants survived even with external Cu concentrations as high as 23 mmol L⁻¹ (1500 mg Cu L⁻¹), although the excess of metal resulted in a biomass reduction of 35%. The effects of Cu on growth were linked to a reduction in net photosynthesis, which may be related to the effect of the high concentration of the metal on photosynthetic electron transport. V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris survived with leaf Cu concentrations as high as 80 mg kg⁻¹ DW and growth parameters were unaffected by leaf tissue concentrations of 35 mg Cu kg⁻¹ DW. The results of our study indicate that plants of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris from the studied population are more tolerant to Cu than the commercial varieties of grapevine that have been studied in the literature, and could constitute a basis for the genetic improvement of Cu tolerance in grapevine.