烟气调质技术在近零排放机组中的研究与应用

为了满足燃煤机组烟尘近零排放的要求,采用烟气调质技术对电除尘器的除尘效率进行升级提效是一种有效的方式,尤其是针对燃用高比电阻煤种的燃煤电厂。从烟气调质技术的基本理论入手,研究烟气调质对除尘提效的主要影响因素,并介绍了常用的3种烟气调质技术,SO_3调质、水调质和低低温电除尘器的原理与实际应用,并论述了不同烟气调质技术取得的效果和所存在的问题。     

壳聚糖絮凝剂在活性污泥调理中的应用

研究了自制的壳聚糖絮凝剂在活性污泥调理中的应用,通过污泥比阻、上清液剩余浊度、泥饼含水率及沉降性能等的测定,重点分析了活性污泥脱水的pH范围、絮凝剂投量和壳聚糖分子量及其脱乙酰度对调理效果的影响,并与絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚合氯化铝(PAC)作了比较,在此基础上还进行了双絮凝剂两段法处理污泥的初步探索。研究发现,壳聚糖作为活性污泥调理剂,投量(干污泥质量百分比)在0.8％～1.2％,pH值在5～8时即有较好的调理效果,与PAM效果基本相当,接近于8％～16％的PAC;壳聚糖相对分子量在30×10~4左右,脱乙酰度在70％左右时有较好的调理效果;双絮凝剂两段法处理污泥,在同等用量时效果好于单絮凝剂一段法。     

罐底油泥特性分析及其除油处理工艺

通过研究罐底油泥的理化性质,开发了适于处理罐底油泥的系列工艺:先采用调质技术提高罐底油泥流动性;再采用超声破乳降低油泥稳定性,改善油泥分离性能;最后采用卧式离心机对油泥进行离心分离处理.在复合型清洗剂加入量为800 mg/L、超声温度为60℃、超声功率为12 kW、超声时间为25 min、离心温度为60℃、絮凝剂加入量为600 mg/L、离心机转速为2200 r/min的条件下,系统稳定运行9d,离心机出口泥中含油率低于2.00％,水中悬浮固体质量浓度低于170 mg/L,达到了对罐底油泥进行除油的目的.     

Economic Underdevelopment And Sustainable Development In The World:Conditioning Factors,Problems And Opportunities

This paper deals with the various factors that condition underdevelopment in the world. It suggests some alternatives and points out the potential opportunities that both the developed and the underdeveloped world will have in the coming years to change the gloomy prospects that we see today. The present paper outlines the trends in historical priorities in development, changing as they pass from economic development to social development to ecological conservation – the three pillars of Sustainable Development.The paper analyses the importance of geography, a very relevant and often neglected conditioning factor. Also, it analyses the role of socio-economic conditioning factors like political immaturity, demographics, land ownership and external debt.Furthermore, the current opportunities for economic take-off are presented, from cash surpluses to low interest rates, from natural resource management to tourism or migration, from the Information Revolution to liberalisation of agricultural markets. Current obstacles are also analysed. The paper, on the basis of current facts and figures, reaches the conclusion that there is a structural need for sustained development aid for most poor countries, but it must be distributed in a more rational way.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

中国的太阳能资源及应用潜力

太阳能资源被认为是21世纪最引人注目的可再生能源和洁净能源，为了经济的可持续发展，应该把环境保护和长期利益作为研究目标，文章估算了中国14个城市的太阳能资源，分析了太阳能热水系统和PIVP系统的经济性，研究结果表明，中国的太阳能利用潜力很大，政府应该对其发展发挥重要作用。     

Desirable design characteristics for long-term monitoring of ecological variables

Long-term environmental monitoring places a set of demands on a sampling strategy not present in a survey designed for a single time period. The inevitability that a sample will become out of date must be a dominant consideration in planning a long-term monitoring programme. The sampling strategy must be able to accommodate periodic frame update and sample restructuring in order to address changes in the composition of the universe and changes in the perception of issues leading to new questions and concerns. The sampling strategy must be capable of adapting to such changes while maintaining its identification as a probability sample and its capacity to detect trends that span the update occasions. These issues are examined with respect to sub-population estimation, post-stratification via conditioning, and sample enlargement and reduction. Design features that involve complex sample structure create potentially serious difficulties, whereas an equal probability design permits greater adaptability and flexibility. Structure should be employed sparingly and in awareness of its undesirable effects.     

基于双电极传感器的腐蚀电流检测系统抗扰技术

目的 针对金属电化学腐蚀中腐蚀电流检测,设计一种高精度I-V转换的微电流检测电路,突破宽范围微弱电流高精度检测技术。方法 通过分析电路的稳定性,针对100 pA~10 mA的微弱腐蚀电流采集,采用法安级偏置运放实现I-V转换,设计基于ADG708电子开关的8档自动调节电路,并通过24位ADC实现高精度模数转换。针对微弱电流采集中信号易受噪声的影响,设计自适应滤波器用于信号滤波处理。结果 通过MATLAB仿真自适应滤波器的有效性,结果表明,在采集i(k)=2sin(2πk)电流时,误差从0.29 mA(1σ)降低到0.003 9 mA(1σ)。通过电流源校准测试系统精度,在100 pA时误差最大,为4.7%;在10 mA时误差最小,为0.049%。当电流值低于100 nA时,测量误差可以控制在5%以内;100 nA以上时,测量误差可以控制在1%以内。结论 在微弱电流采样中引入自适应滤波器后,系统的采样精度显著提高,突破了宽范围的腐蚀电流采集技术,实现了微弱电流检测。可以将腐蚀电流应用在金属腐蚀速率的评价中。     

基于RSM模型对污泥联合调理的参数优化

研究了CaO、PAFC联合表面活性剂(1227)预处理对污泥脱水性能的影响,以污泥滤饼含水率(WC)和毛细吸水时间(CST)作为评价指标进行单因素实验,得出药剂投加量的最佳范围.然后通过以响应曲面优化法(RSM)为依据的Box-Behnken实验,建立了滤饼含水率和CST减少率二次多项式预测模型,进而得到联合调理的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,联合调理能够明显提高污泥的脱水性能,CaO、PAFC和1227的最佳药剂量分别为42.00,60.40,80.89mg/g,此条件下滤饼含水率为(68.30±0.26)%,CST减少率为(87.30±0.32)%.同时,在最优条件下进行了验证实验,结果与模型预测值基本吻合,表明基于响应曲面法所得的最佳工艺参数准确可靠,对相关污泥处理及条件优化具有一定的指导意义.     

炼油废水污泥脱水工艺条件的优化

采用化学除油降黏—污泥调理—离心脱水工艺处理某炼油厂废水处理系统的混合污泥,并对工艺条件进行优化。实验结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为：化学除油降黏阶段处理体系的pH=4,反应温度35 ℃,H₂O₂加入量 2 g/L,m（H₂O₂）∶ m（Fe²⁺）=4,反应时间 60 min;污泥调理反应阶段的CaO加入量7.0 g/L;离心脱水阶段在分离因数为1 558时脱水5 min。在此条件下,得到的泥饼的含水率为70.0%~75.0%（w）,含油率小于2%（w）,污泥比阻约为3.0×10⁷ s²/g。     

Fenton氧化处理剩余污泥的作用机制

大量集中式城市生活污水处理厂的建设,减轻了水体污染;但是,产生的大量城市污泥的处理处置又成为污水处理面临的另一个瓶颈难题。各种物理、化学、生物等方法被应用于污泥处理,高级氧化技术-Fenton氧化在剩余污泥的处理中逐渐受到研究者的重视。文章重点介绍了Fenton氧化在剩余污泥处理中的作用机制,分析了Fenton氧化处理剩余污泥的主要影响因素;并根据Fenton氧化剩余污泥处理优势,对其今后的应用进行了展望。