Multiple paternity and individual variation in sperm precedence in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum

Intraspecific variation in the proportion of offspring sired by the second mate with a female (P₂) is an aspect of sperm competition that has received little attention. I examined the effects of delay between copulations (range 9–380 days) and size of sperm donor on sperm precedence in double-mated individuals of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Using shell colour as a genetic marker, paternity was analysed in 132 broods produced by 35 snails that had mated with two partners of different genotype. Sperm precedence (P₂) was influenced by the time between the two matings when the mating delay exceeded 70 days (one reproductive season). P2 averaged 0.34 in the first brood of snails that mated twice within 70 days indicating first mate sperm precedence. In contrast, P₂ averaged 0.76 in broods of snails that remated in the following season, indicating a decreased viability of sperm from the first mate. The size of sperm-donating individuals had no effect on the fertilization success of their sperm in the first brood produced after the second copulation. Analysis of long-term sperm utilization in 23 snails that laid three to nine egg batches over 2 years revealed striking differences among individuals. Five snails (21.7%) exhibited first-mate sperm precedence throughout, eight snails (34.8%) showed second-mate sperm precedence throughout, whereas ten snails (43.5%) exhibited sperm mixing in successive batches. It is suggested that the individual variation in sperm precedence in A. arbustorum may partly be due to differences in the amount of sperm transferred. Paternity analysis in 34 batches laid by 19 wild-caught individuals of A. arbustorum indicated that at least 12 snails (63.2%) used sperm from two or more mates for the fertilization of their eggs. This suggests a high incidence of multiple paternity in broods of A. arbustorum under field conditions.     

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model for environmental fate of PAHs and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield,China

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model with a new validation criterion of interval average logarithmic residual error (IALRE) was developed in this study. The environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield of China were simulated from 1985 to 2010. The PAH concentrations predicted by the model were in agreement with the measured concentrations, which were indicated by the IALREs calculated at 0.41, 0.63, 0.52, and 0.58 for air, water, soil, and sediment, respectively. The multimedia concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were 29.55, 39.22, 31.98, and 26.69 times greater in 2010 than those in 1985, and were higher than any other year modelled. Additionally, 87.82% of PAHs remained in the soil in 2010. PAH source emission into the soil was the major modelled source, whereas PAH degradation in the air was the major modelled loss pathway; the dominant transfer process between the adjacent compartments was atmospheric deposition from air to soil. It was demonstrated that high-temperature combustion was the major source of PAHs in the air and soil, whereas biomass and coal combustion were attributed to water and sediment compartments. The IDMF model was effective in the dynamic source apportionment of PAHs.     

煤层瓦斯流动数值解算时空步长的选取

对应用有限差分法解算煤层瓦斯流动时,如何选取合适的时间步长和空间步长、如何根据煤层瓦斯压力分布计算煤壁瓦斯涌出量等问题进行了分析和探讨。用煤壁处节点与煤层内相邻节点间的瓦斯压力梯度来求煤壁瓦斯涌出量的方法误差较大。根据煤层内各节点的瓦斯压力值对瓦斯压力进行拟合,用拟合曲线在煤壁处的斜率作为煤壁瓦斯压力梯度计算瓦斯涌出量,能得到可靠精确的结果。通过考察选取不同时间步长和空间步长时煤壁瓦斯压力梯度的变化,提出了选取合适的时间步长和空间步长的方法。     

基于贝叶斯网络的人因可靠性评价

提出一种贝叶斯网络的人因可靠性评价(HRABN)方法,其中的每个因子对应于贝叶斯网络中的节点,该方法可对人因可靠性作定量分析和定性分析。在定性分析上,节点的因果关系(HRA中的因子关系)及需要改进的薄弱节点都直观地显示在层次图中;在定量分析方面,对节点因子后验概率的推断通过HRA中的先验信息(包含仿真数据、现场操作及专家知识等)和最新信息得到。如果人因可靠性贝叶斯网络中的每个节点的先验概率分布和后验概率分布都已知,模型的可信性就可通过贝叶斯因子进行定量验证。贝叶斯网络扩展性好,当有新的节点因子需要考虑时,只需要补充对应的节点;笔者的方法也能很好地应用在不同行业的HRA。     

基于未确知测度理论的公路隧道水害危险性评价

基于未确知测度理论,建立公路隧道水害危险性评价模型。从内因和外因的视角分析,同时将内因分为水害来源、通道、水量三个部分,采取隧道区降水量、地表水文情况、隧道区渗透系数、构造断裂带类型、围岩分级、岩土分类、单位涌水量、隧道区平均气温、隧道区植被覆盖率、隧道区地下水腐蚀性(酸性)、防排水措施情况、隧道施工分级、安全管理情况等共13项指标作为为确知测度模型的判别指标;根据相应的实测数据构建未确知测度函数,同时利用信息熵理论获得各判别指标的权重,依据置信度识别准则进行等级判定,最后得出公路隧道水害危险性评价结果。运用该方法对国内6条典型公路隧道的水害危险性进行评价,评价结果与公路隧道实际情况相吻合。因此,这种新方法能够应用到公路隧道水害的危险性评价中,并能解决公路隧道危险性评价的诸多因素不确定性问题,对其进行合理有效的评价。     

绿灯间隔时间对交叉口交通安全的影响研究

在对世界其他国家黄灯的界定进行回顾的基础上,将国内道路交通安全法对黄灯的界定与其进行了对比,指出我国道路交通安全法中对黄灯的作用与定义的界定存在一定偏差;并运用汽车动力学原理及交通冲突理论,对驾驶员在绿灯间隔期间的驾驶行为以及车辆的行驶轨迹进行分析;确定了影响黄灯时长及全红时间计算的相关因素,提出了黄灯时长以及全红时间的计算公式。研究结果指出:科学合理的绿灯间隔设置是交叉口交通安全的保证;禁止车辆黄灯期间越过停车线以及取消黄灯都是不利于交通安全的做法。     

湿式文丘里除尘工艺改进的应用研究

通过对湖北田力实业股份有限公司麻石(文丘里)水膜除尘工艺在沸腾炉烟气除尘中存在的问题进行研究和分析,对(文丘里)水膜除尘工艺进行了改进。采用加装U型布水装置和采取间歇性用水冲刷灰垢的措施,解决了烟道内壁水、气界面处的结垢问题,替换了人工除垢,且烟尘排放浓度达到了环保要求,其回收的烟尘通过外销又取得了经济效益。     

有机膨润土吸附水中萘胺、萘酚的性能及其应用

膜的反冲洗是膜生物反应器中常用的一种防止膜污染，提高透水率及透水率稳定性的技术。本通过数学推导与实验得到一个最佳反冲洗周期测定公式     

低温环境汽油机颗粒捕集器再生间隔里程评估方法

对汽油机颗粒捕集器（gasoline particulate filter,GPF）碳载量估算的温度修正方法,以及低温环境下的GPF再生间隔里程进行研究。利用发动机台架试验测量了GPF颗粒物再生反应速率,通过对数作图法拟合反应速率得到再生反应活化能,氧和颗粒物的反应活化能为81.6~91.4 kJ/mol,二氧化碳和颗粒物的反应活化能为159.2~218.9 kJ/mol。基于反应活化能计算了不同环境温度下颗粒物再生反应速率的修正系数;测量试验车低温冷启动阶段颗粒物累积速度,计算颗粒物排放的温度修正系数。以轻型车排放国六标准I型试验为基础,利用颗粒物再生反应速率和排放的温度修正系数对低温环境下GPF主动再生间隔里程进行了仿真。与寒区道路试验中获得的实际GPF颗粒物累积数据对比,仿真结果能较为准确地预测GPF在寒区不同工况下的颗粒物累积速度。试验和仿真结果均显示车辆低速行驶时GPF内颗粒物累积速度更易受低温环境影响。

     

区间数多属性决策在飞机一发失效应急程序方案优选中的应用

针对在飞机一发失效应急程序方案的选择中,很多定量因素难以精确量化的问题,将区间数多属性决策运用到飞机一发失效应急程序方案的优选中,构建了评价指标体系。此评价指标体系应用基于理想解的区间数多属性决策的相对隶属度法来选择最佳方案,该方法通过计算并查找现有方案的相对隶属度最大值来确定最佳方案。最后举例说明如何在实际中使用此方法。