北京市交通干道空气中CO2和δ13C变化及来源分析

采用离轴积分腔输出光谱技术分析了夏季和冬季北京市四环路空气中CO2浓度和δ13C值变化特征。结果表明,四环路上车流量大,夏季和冬季均超过15万辆/d,06:00-10:00和15:00-19:00车行缓慢,平均车速小于25 km/h,车道占有率超过60%。机动车排放出大量的CO2,导致四环路的空气中CO2浓度呈双峰曲线日变化和δ13C值呈双波谷曲线日变化。同位素定量区分结果显示,四环路空气中CO2主要来源于机动车尾气排放,夏季和冬季均在52%以上。逐步回归分析表明,平均车速和车道占有率是影响四环路上CO2浓度和δ13C值的主要因子。06:00-10:00和15:00-19:00来源于汽车尾气的CO2比例比整个白天来源于汽车尾气的CO2比例高出6个百分点以上,表明车行缓慢显著增加了CO2的排放。     

THE ROLE OF USER FEES AND CONGESTION TOLLS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INLAND WATERWAYS1

ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss how user fees and congestion tolls can be used to improve the efficiency and equity with which the inland waterway system is managed. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of user fees (fuel taxes, segment tolls, and license fees) are presented. The rationale for the employment of congestion tolls on congested waterways is discussed. A segment toll that is equated to average variable cost is recommended for uncongested existing waterwyas. When existing waterways are congested, congestion tolls, in addition to the segment tolls, are recommended, A two-part tariff, consisting of segment tolls and an annual license fee, is recommended for “new” uncongested waterways. A three-part tariff, consisting of the first two parts plus congestion tolls, is recommended for “new” congested waterways.     

Voting on sustainable transport: communication and governance challenges in Greater Manchester's ‘congestion charge’ referendum

In December 2008, the Greater Manchester electorate voted to reject a £3 billion package of transport measures that would have included investment in the conurbation's bus, tram and rail networks and walking and cycling infrastructure, together with, and partially funded by, the introduction of a congestion charge. The proposals followed a successful bid to the UK Government Transport Innovation Fund (TIF). High levels of car use present challenges to cities, and the TIF bid can be seen as an attempt to address these by promoting and facilitating a modal shift. The paper reflects on the debates surrounding the proposals, which led to a referendum. In particular, it explores the challenges of communicating complex, controversial plans in a fragmented and contested political arena.     

Quality and Congestion in Environmental Goods: The Road to the Wangapeka

An increasing complaint heard among New Zealand residents is that their enjoyment of local environmental resources is being diminished by increased congestion from foreign visitors. This paper considers a model of vertical differentiation in which foreign high-value and domestic low-value consumers incur congestion costs in using a common resource. We demonstrate that reducing quality in the face of increased foreign demand is optimal absent discriminatory prices (but not otherwise). We also consider the provision of multiple environmental goods and demonstrate that providing differential qualities may be optimal even if domestic consumers do not use the high-quality resources at all.     

中国资源型产业集聚对全要素生产率的影响研究

本文基于2005-2014年中国31个省市自治区的面板数据,以全要素生产率增长对经济发展效率予以度量,运用多种计量分析和检验方法,在通过两阶段SYS-GMM方法有效控制解释变量内生性问题的条件下,实证考察了资源型产业集聚对全要素生产率增长的非线性影响。结果表明,资源型产业集聚与全要素生产率增长呈显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,并表现出强稳定性,资源型产业最优集聚规模为0.891,当资源型产业集聚度小于倒"U"型曲线的拐点0.891时,资源型产业集聚对全要素生产率增长具有显著的促进作用,一旦资源型产业集聚度超过这一拐点时,产业的过度集聚就会阻碍全要素生产率的增长;将资源型产业全要素生产率分解为技术进步和技术效率,由于资源型产业以水平型集聚为主,使得资源型产业技术效率的提高对全要素生产率增长的贡献大于技术进步,当集聚类型由水平型向垂直型转化时,技术进步对全要素生产率的有利影响将会凸显出来;资源型产业集聚与全要素生产率之间倒"U"型曲线的拐点值对于不同传导机制因素的敏感程度不同,科技创新投入、人力资本水平、市场化程度、基础设施建设四个因素推延了资源型产业最佳集聚规模阈值,降低了由于集聚规模扩大而对全要素生产率增长产生"拥塞效应"的风险;中国48.39%的省份处于资源型产业集聚"规模效应"阶段,集聚规模的扩大会继续促进全要素生产率的增长,51.61%的省份大多属于资源富集省份,处于产业集聚"拥塞效应"凸显阶段,若继续扩大集聚规模,过度集聚将进一步阻碍全要素生产率的增长。     

Mediating an invisible policy problem: Nottingham’s rejection of congestion charging

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a qualitative case study of community participation in local air quality management in Nottingham (UK). We analyse Nottingham’s response to a “clean air zone” mandate: despite national government and local community support of this congestion charging policy, the City Council rejected the measure. We focus on the policy framing, with data from policy documents, interviews with government and non-government actors, and observation in local activities. We found that community groups build links with local government in two ways: (1) as a coalition against the national government and austerity measures, and (2) as “neutral”, non-expert communicators of air pollution as an “invisible” policy problem. We show how this invisibility plays a significant role in factors such as trust, risk, responsibility, and policy communication. This research has theoretical implications for the communication of air pollution and practical implications for cities looking to implement similar transport-oriented strategies.     

Does subway expansion improve air quality?

Major cities in China and many other fast-growing economies are expanding their subway systems in order to address worsening air pollution and traffic congestion. This paper quantifies the impact of subway expansion on air quality by leveraging fine-scale air quality data and the rapid build-out of 14 new subway lines and 252 stations in Beijing from 2008 to 2016. Our main empirical framework examines how the density of the subway network affects air quality across different locations in the city during this period. To address the potential endogenous location of subway stations, we construct an instrument based on historical subway planning, long before air pollution and traffic congestion were of concern. Our analysis shows that an increase in subway density by one standard deviation improves air quality by two percent and the result is robust to a variety of alternative specifications including the distance-based difference-in-differences method. The total discounted health benefit during a 20-year period from reduced mortality and morbidity as a result of 14 new subway lines amounts to $1.0–3.1 billion, or only 1.4–4.4 percent of the total construction and operating cost.     

600MW机组脱硫GGH技改措施及节能优化

针对山西阳城电厂2×600 MW机组脱硫系统烟气换热器（简称GGH）在运行中频繁堵塞、差压大、增压风机运行电流偏大、影响机组带负荷及脱硫系统安全稳定性下降等问题进行了分析,提出了GGH改造方案及运行优化措施,确保了机组及脱硫系统的安全、稳定运行.     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Abstract

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people’s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ‘true’ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.     

单室人员疏散模型及仿真分析

为实现对单室人员疏散时间的精确计算,通过对单室人员疏散过程的分析,揭示单室疏散时人员运动的规律,建立了有、无障碍条件下单室人员疏散的计算模型,得到疏散门处发生拥堵的临界条件,并将计算模型的计算数据与相同条件下社会力疏散模型的仿真数据进行比较,以评价计算模型的准确性。结果表明,计算模型计算简单,数据可靠,能够用于计算单室人员疏散的时间。