SEs在城市污泥处理处置过程中的归趋研究进展

近年来,内分泌干扰物因损坏生物的内分泌系统而引起人们的广泛关注。其中甾体雌激素(SEs)由于具有极强的内分泌干扰能力,在极其微量的情况下便可对生态系统及人和动物的健康产生不可预测的危害,而城市污水处理厂排放的剩余污泥是环境中该类化合物的重要来源。文章结合最近国内外的研究成果,指出了研究内分泌干扰物在城市污水处理厂剩余污泥处理过程中归趋的重要性,重点总结了有关雌酮、17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、17α-乙炔雌二醇等甾体雌激素在城市污水处理厂污泥处理过程中归趋的主要研究进展,包括4种甾体雌激素的基本理化性质、城市污泥处理系统各处理单元中雌激素的背景含量、主要污泥处理过程对雌激素的去除效果及其机制等,并展望了今后该方面的研究前景、热点和趋势。     

我国天然水体中环境雌激素的污染现状及其生态效应研究进展

作为一种新兴的环境污染物,环境中的雌激素存在于各种介质中,并且已经被证实对生物存在危害。结合国内外的研究成果,综述了不同种类的环境雌激素在我国天然水体中污染现状以及环境雌激素对人类、水生生物和微生物的生态效应。在此基础上,对我国未来开展环境雌激素相关研究和如何应对环境雌激素污染问题进行了展望。     

复合污染体系中溶解性有机质对雌二醇降解的影响

针对天然水体常见的重金属-有机污染物复合污染问题,探讨水体中普遍存在的溶解性有机质(DOM)对有机污染物降解的影响.采集黄河花园口断面水样,模拟天然水体中DOM质量浓度变化,研究了17β-雌二醇(E2)单一污染体系和Cu(Ⅱ)-E2复合污染体系中DOM对E2降解的影响,用环境扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱等手段分析了Cu(Ⅱ)-E2复合污染体系中DOM与Cu(Ⅱ)的作用机理.结果表明:在E2单一污染体系中,DOM明显促进E2降解,E2降解速率常数由0.062 d-1提高到0.430 d-1;在Cu(Ⅱ)-E2复合污染体系中,DOM与Cu(Ⅱ)络合,改变了Cu(Ⅱ)的沉淀形态,降低了Cu(Ⅱ)对微生物的抑制作用,因此,E2降解速率常数由0.006d-1提高到0.030 d-1.     

3种环境雌激素检测和筛选方法的比较

介绍了进行环境雌激素检测和筛选的3种方法:鱼类卵黄蛋白原诱导实验法、重组基因酵母检测法和酵母双杂交法,着重介绍了这3种方法的基本原理、具体操作、适用条件及应用现状.卵黄蛋白原诱导实验是根据正常雄性体内不会含有卵黄蛋白原,环境雌激素能刺激卵生动物肝细胞产生卵黄蛋白原,可通过测定动物体内合成的卵黄蛋白原含量来评价其活性.重组基因酵母法是根据环境雌激素能刺激转化酵母的报告基因表达,以表达的β-半乳糖苷酶的量为依据来判断雌激素活性的大小.酵母双杂交法是在重组基因酵母法的基础上,引入了辅激活蛋白,通过检测雌激素受体和辅激活蛋白之间的相互作用来评价环境雌激素的活性.这3种方法均具有灵敏、简便、快速、经济的优点,同时既可以定性检测又可以定量检测,是目前进行环境中雌激素类物质安全检测与监测的重要手段.     

环境雌激素对水生动物的影响研究进展

水环境是环境雌激素的最大储存库。环境雌激素通过食物的传递进入动物体内，类似于雌激素的功能。环境雌激素可导致水生动物性别特征丧失和后代不能繁殖；可引起水蚤性别比例失调，蜕皮率下降，导致软体动物性畸形和超雌性化现象；导致鲤鱼等生殖器畸形，引起鱼类种群生存力和资源量下降。壬酚(NP)、双酚A(BPA)和E2在河水、水生附着生物和底栖生物之间的生物积累与放大倍数在18～1200倍之间，环境激素通过食物链的生物放大作用比通过水体的传递对鱼类等水生生物的危害更大，并且在河流等的枯水期对水生动物的影响更大。文章讨论了环境雌激素的降解与研究前景。     

辽东湾海水中甾体雌激素的检测及生态风险评价

建立了SPE-丹酰化衍生-UPLC-MS/MS海水中雌激素的高灵敏度分析方法,对辽东湾海水中甾体雌激素的浓度水平及分布进行了调查并对其潜在的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明:辽东湾海水样品中检出雌酮,17β-雌二醇,17α-雌二醇,雌三醇和17α-乙炔基雌二醇的浓度分别为(0.714±0.407),(0.089±0.077),(0.009±0.011),(0.008±0.008),(0.001±0.003)ng/L.雌激素浓度在大辽河入海口区域最高,双台子河入海口次之,大凌河及小凌河入海口区域最低.辽东湾海水中的17β-雌二醇等当量浓度(EEQ-E2β)为0.562±0.327ng/L,导致野生梭鱼雌雄同体发生的概率约为0.83%,不足以解释该海域野生梭鱼雌雄同体的高发生率.为了有效管理该海域的环境安全,有必要对原因物质进行进一步解析.     

废胶粉与聚氨酯聚苯乙烯互穿聚合物网络

对废胶粉进行了裂解气相色谱、红外光谱、热重分析,并且制备了共轭三组分聚氨酯/聚苯乙烯/废胶粉半互穿聚合物网络(PU/PS/SRP-IPN),并进行了力学性能测试。结果表明:在废胶粉中含有天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶、丁苯橡胶,其中天然橡胶含量较高,顺丁橡胶和丁苯橡胶含量较低,三种胶的含量比为天然橡胶:顺丁橡胶:丁苯橡胶为12:6.2:1;胶粉含胶率为49.61%,炭黑含量为18.89%,无机填料含量为21.01%。当聚苯乙烯含量为40%时,体系的扯断伸长率与拉伸强度都出现最大值,随着聚苯乙烯在体系中所占比例增大,硬度与永久变形逐渐增大。差示扫描量热仪测定的玻璃化转变温度和扫描电镜分析结果表明作为公共组分的聚苯乙烯与废胶粉及聚氨酯发生了互穿缠结,整个材料性能得以提高。     

Endocrine disruptors in the Leça River and nearby Porto Coast (NW Portugal): presence of estrogenic compounds and hypoxic conditions

The Leça River and two beaches close to the north and south margins of the estuary, nowadays an important seaport harbor, show signs of contamination. However, the chemical nature of that contamination is uncertain. Therefore, this study checked for the presence of 11 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) of animal (17β-estradiol and estrone), pharmaceutical (17α-ethynylestradiol), and industrial (alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and bisphenol A) origins in water samples collected from six points at the river gradient and at two sites in the coastline (Atlantic Ocean). Along with the EDCs, evaluated by gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) during spring, summer, and autumn, physico-chemical parameters were also assessed and particular attention was given to dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Data showed the presence of high amounts of estrogens (up to 10?ng?L^?1 for estrone) and industrial compounds (up to 2?µg?L^?1 for the nonylphenol ethoxylates) at both river and seacoast. Along with this, clear signs of hypoxia were found in the river (DO??1 at several sampling sites). Taking into account these issues, it was concluded that there are local conditions for the occurrence of endocrine disruption in aquatic animals.     

The arrival and discharge of conjugated estrogens from a range of different sewage treatment plants in the UK

The occurrence of free and conjugated estrogens was examined in a survey of eleven sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their discharge water in the United Kingdom using grab sampling. The STPs included trickling filter with and without tertiary treatment, and activated sludge with tertiary treatment. For three activated sludge plants both influent and effluent samples were compared. For a further 8 STPs only the effluent was examined. The estrone-3-sulphate, estradiol-3-sulphate and estriol-3-sulphate concentrations (up to 20 ng L⁻¹) were typically 5-fold that of the respective free estrogen concentration in the effluents. This represents a substantial additional ‘potential’ estrogen load arriving in the receiving waters. Estrone-3-glucuronide was found at 9 ng L⁻¹, estradiol-3-glucuronide at 7 ng L⁻¹, and estriol-3-glucuronide at 32 ng L⁻¹ in sewage influent. Except on one occasion, no glucuronide conjugates could be found in the effluent. The results suggest in most cases glucuronide conjugates will be completely transformed in sewage treatment whilst sulphate conjugates will only be partially removed.     

Predicting EDC concentrations in a river mixing zone

The fate and transport of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in ambient river waters is a major concern associated with effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the spatial distribution of EDCs in a river mixing zone. The core of the technical analysis is based on a two-dimensional steady-state analytical model characterized by ambient turbulence in the receiving water. This model was first calibrated with mass transport data from field measurements for a conservative substance (electrical conductivity) and then used to predict aqueous-phase EDC concentrations throughout a WWTP mixing zone. To demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for water quality management purposes, the modeling framework presented in this paper was used to determine a lumped in-stream attenuation rate constant (k_d = 3 d⁻¹) for 17β-estradiol under natural conditions. This rate constant likely accounts for the combined contributions of physical sorption, photolysis, microbial and chemical degradation, and the measured value is highly consistent with previously published results from bench-scale removal experiments.