Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling (RSM) methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool (VAT) for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S. demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias < 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.     

国家环境保护规划评估的语义建模技术方法研究

在确定环境保护规划文本语义解析目标的基础上,列举了规划文本的形式分析和内容分析方法,研究提出了规划评估的两类建模技术:基于驱动力的模型构建技术和基于利益驱动的模型构建技术,并针对语义模型构建相关技术的未来研究方向提出建议:(1)推广计算机信息搜索与统计技术在文本形式分析技术方法领域的应用;(2)关注评估过程中的利益相关方的主张、焦虑、争议以及相应的解决办法.     

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China

The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters and to a lesser extent some coastal waters is primarily driven by phosphorus （P） inputs. While efforts to identify and limit point source inputs of P to surface waters have seen some success, nonpoint sources remain difficult to identify, target, and remediate. As further improvements in wastewater treatment technologies becomes increasingly costly, attention has focused more on nonpoint source reduction, particularly the role of agriculture. This attention was heightened over the last 10 to 20 years by a number of highly visible cases of nutrient-related water quality degradation; including the Lake Taihu, Baltic Sea, Chesapeake Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. Thus, there has been a shift to targeted management of critical sources of P loss. In both the U.S. and China, there has been an intensification of agricultural production systems in certain areas concentrate large amounts of nutrients in excess of local crop and forage needs, which has increased the potential for P loss from these areas. To address this, innovative technologies are emerging that recycle water P back to land as fertilizer. For example, in the watershed of Lake Taihu, China one of the largest surface fresh waters for drinking water supply in China, local governments have encouraged innovation and various technical trials to harvest harmful algal blooms and use them for bio-gas, agricultural fertilizers, and biofuel production. In any country, however, the economics of remediation will remain a key limitation to substantial changes in agricultural production.     

浅谈节能环保技术在园区中的应用

建筑行业的迅速发展,造成了大量资源耗损和环境污染.将节能环保理念应用到建筑和园区建设中,节约资源减少污染势在必行.分别从建筑保温、可再生能源的利用和生态建设三大方面介绍了节能环保技术在园区中的应用,并计算节能效果,结果表明,采用节能环保技术能大大减少碳及烟尘的排放量,有效地保护了环境.     

清河水源涵养生态功能保护区的功能分区及建设方案的研究

清河是辽河主要支流,清河水库上游山区森林植被也是保护辽河平原的绿色屏障。受自然条件和人为因素的影响,清河水库生态环境逐渐退化,因而清河水源涵养区生态功能保护势在必行。按照自然环境的现状特点、社会发展的需求及生态功能保护与恢复的基本要求,在生态功能分区的基础上,制定分区保护措施,并提出清河水源涵养区生态功能保护建设的具体方案。通过实施保护和修复,防止生态环境的破坏和生态功能的进一步退化,对地区可持续发展起到积极的推动作用。     

保护性耕作下小麦田土壤呼吸及碳平衡研究

为了研究小麦农田生态系统土壤碳排放与作物碳蓄积特征,采用LI6400-09在重庆北碚西南大学教学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)这4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中小麦生长季节的土壤呼吸及植株生长动态进行了观测.利用根系生物量外推法(root biomass regression,RBR)和根排除法(root exclusion,RE)这2种方法比较分析根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,并估算小麦农田碳收支状况.结果表明,土壤呼吸介于0.62~2.91μmol·(m2·s)-1,平均值为1.71μmol·(m2·s)-1.T、R、TS、RS各处理日均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.29、1.59、1.99、1.96μmol·(m2·s)-1,表现为T相似文献   

基于细颗粒物来源追踪技术的2013年12月上海市严重污染过程中PM2.5的源贡献分析

近年来高浓度细颗粒物引起的大气灰霾污染已成为制约我国城市和区域可持续发展的重大环境问题之一,科学快速地诊断PM2.5及其关键组分的来源对于缓解当前严峻的污染形势具有极为重要的科学意义和现实意义.2013年12月上旬,我国东部特大型城市上海及其所处的长三角区域出现了历史上罕见的严重污染过程,PM2.5小时浓度一度高达640μg·m-3.本文以分析12月上旬上海市所出现的三次典型重污染过程为案例,利用颗粒物来源追踪技术,对严重污染期间上海市PM2.5及其关键化学组分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机碳和元素碳)开展了来源解析研究.结果表明,在上海市人为排放源中,工业锅炉和窑炉、移动源和电站锅炉是对细颗粒物中硝酸盐贡献最大的3类排放源;工业源和移动源是对硫酸盐贡献最大的两类排放源.在灰霾、湿霾和过境这3次污染过程中,上海本地排放对PM2.5的浓度贡献分别是35.3%、44.8%和22.7%;长距离输送分别达到了42.0%、41.1%和59.8%.在长三角模拟区域内,扬尘、工业过程、挥发类源、工业锅炉和窑炉及移动源是最主要的细颗粒贡献源,平均贡献占比分别是25.1%、14.9%、15.8%、13.7%和15.9%.研究表明,2013年12月这类极高的严重污染过程,并非单一城市所致,区域联防联控,特别是重度污染期间的联合减排对于缓解细颗粒物重度污染极为重要.     

Using Soil and Water Conservation Contests for Extension: Experiences from the Bolivian Mountain Valleys

Soil and water conservation (SWC) contests among farmer groups were organized in five rural villages in the Bolivian mountain valleys. The contests were aimed at quickly achieving widespread sustainable results. This article analyzes the effectiveness of these contests as an extension tool. Mixed results were obtained. In three villages, participation rates in the SWC activities introduced in the contests were still high even 2 years after project withdrawal. These were all villages where a solid foundation for sustainable development had been laid before the contests were held. Two years later, most families were still involved in maintenance of the SWC practices introduced in the contests, and many farmers had started to experiment with different soil management practices. However, replications of these SWC practices were not widespread, Conservation Leaders did not continue with their training activities, and the quality of maintenance of the practices was often not satisfactory. In order to become a more effective extension tool and achieve widespread impact, SWC contests must receive continued support by a catalyst agency. Moreover, other SWC contests should also be organized in which practices are not predefined. Given that SWC contests are a low-budget extension tool, local municipalities could become more actively involved.     

黑河流域磷迁移转化过程连续模拟研究

以西安市的主要供水水源黑河流域为例,在Matlab软件辅助下,使用蓄满产流模型、逆高斯分布汇流模型、水沙关系模型以及澳大利亚学者Viney所提出的营养物迁移转化模型对黑河流域1981～1990年磷的迁移转化过程进行了连续模拟,模拟了磷的输出情况,预测了黑河流域磷污染负荷量.结果表明:模拟结果符合磷素流失的一般规律,年径流量大的年份,从流域输出的磷素也较多,反之,则较小;对磷的连续模拟结果与实测插补延长后总磷年负荷量的相对误差基本上在±30%以内,结果较合理,由此表明该法可用于黑河流域磷素迁移转化的连续模拟.同时,本文模型只是流域非点源污染连续模拟的初步尝试,尚需进行进一步检验、改进和完善.