环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设

鉴于城市规划在环境保护方面的局限性，本文以武汉市九峰城市森林保护区环境保护规划为例，提出了环境保护规划的技术路线、环境规划目标以及结论等，指出了城市大气、水体、声、固体废物和生态环境综合整治规划，并探讨环境保护规划与武汉的城市生态建设。     

Reintroduction of eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) in the Dutch Wadden Sea; Review of research and suggestions for management measures

Eelgras (Zostera marina L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea historically covered an area varying from 65–150 km² in the eulittoral as well as the sublittoral zones. At present, this area comprises less than 1 km² eulittoral eelgrass stands, with an associated decrease in habitat diversity. The causes for this decline are presumably connected with the ‘wasting disease’ and the closure of the former Zuiderzee in the early 1930s resulting in increased tidal range and increased currents. After a slight recovery of the eelgrass populations on the intertidal flats a definite decline started in the early 1970s, possibly connected to increased turbidity. The present water quality and turbidity do not negatively influence eelgrass growth up to a depth of at least 0.6m below Mean Sea Level. Based on mesocosm experiments and field experiments it is concluded that re-establishment of eelgrass should be possible in sheltered bays and on unexposed tidal falts. The most suitable depths for a reintroduction are those between 0 and 20–40 cm below mean sea level.     

Threatened Peripheral Populations in Context: Geographical Variation in Population Frequency and Size and Sexual Reproduction in a Clonal Woody Shrub

Abstract:  Geographically peripheral populations of widespread species are often the focus of conservation because they are locally rare within political jurisdictions. Yet the ecology and genetics of these populations are rarely evaluated in a broader geographic context. Most expectations concerning the ecology and evolution of peripheral populations derive from the abundant-center model, which predicts that peripheral populations should be less frequent, smaller, less dense, and have a lower reproductive rate than central populations. We tested these predictions and in doing so evaluated the conservation value of peripheral populations for the clonal shrub Vaccinium stamineum L. (Ericaceae, deerberry), which is listed as threatened in Canada. Based on 51 populations sampled from the center to the northern range limits over 2 years, population frequency and size declined toward the range limit, but ramet density increased. Sexual reproductive output varied widely among populations and between years, with many populations producing very few seeds, but did not decline toward range margins. In fact seed mass increased steadily toward range limit, and this was associated with faster germination and seedling growth, which may be adaptive in seasonal northern environments. Our results did not support the prediction that clonal reproduction is more prevalent in peripheral populations or that it contributed antagonistically to the wide variation in seed production. Peripheral populations of V. stamineum are as productive as central populations and may be locally adapted to northern environments. This emphasizes the importance of a broad geographical perspective for evaluating the ecology, evolution, and conservation of peripheral populations.     

磷钼蓝比色法合适工作波长及线性范围的探讨

采用抗坏血酸-钼锑抗混合液作为磷钼蓝比色法测定磷含量的显色剂,形成稳定的显色液后,应用756CRT型紫外可见分光光度计进行600~850nm范围内的波长扫描。结果表明,吸收峰在722.2nm附近,同时,对720nm波长下的吸光度值与不同磷浓度吸收峰下的吸光度值进行比较,两者无显著差异。并且考虑到对于普通型的分光光度计很难做到722.2nm这样精确的调节。所以,可把720nm作为合适的工作波长,且磷浓度在0~1.0mg/kg内呈线性范围。     

电脑散热风扇灰尘中多溴二苯醚的污染特征和环境健康风险评价

以多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）为阻燃剂的电器的使用是室内灰尘中PBDEs的一个重要来源,其中,电脑是人们日常使用时间较长的电子设备之一.采集了主要电脑厂商过去十年间生产的笔记本和台式机内置散热风扇处的灰尘,研究了灰尘中PBDEs的含量、组成、来源及人体暴露量,并评价了其环境健康风险.结果表明,各主流品牌电脑均有部分样品∑PBDEs含量较高,显示其可能都曾使用PBDEs作为阻燃剂.组成上,笔记本和台式机均以BDE-209为主（笔记本：89.4%,台式机：93.3%）.53%的笔记本（19/36）和台式机（10/19）灰尘中∑PBDEs与室内降尘对照样的比值>1.其中,8台笔记本和2台台式机的比值>10（77±99和53±61）,表明部分电脑的组件中添加了PBDEs,其运行使用是室内环境中PBDEs的来源之一.人体通过灰尘摄入途径暴露于电脑释放源∑PBDEs的非致癌风险（HI）和BDE-209的致癌风险（CR）均比呼吸暴露途径高1~2个数量级,显示灰尘摄入在人体对电脑等室内PBDEs释放源的暴露中扮演主要角色.各暴露途径的暴露量均低于RfD,HI > 1和CR > 10^-6（可接受致癌风险的上限）的超标概率均小于0.000%,显示人体通过灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的环境健康风险低,但由于人体对PBDEs暴露途径的多样性,其叠加后的暴露量和健康风险仍需进一步研究评估.BDE-209是我国人体经灰尘摄入和呼吸途径暴露于电脑释放源PBDEs的首要同系物.主要低溴BDE的暴露风险随溴代数降低而增加,BDE-209漫长复杂的自然降解所产生低溴BDE的环境健康风险值得继续关注.     

气候环境实验室降雪环境模拟技术研究

目的建立实验室降雪环境模拟技术,为飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证提供技术支持。方法基于对自然降雪和实验室模拟降雪机理的对比与分析,提出影响实验室内模拟降雪的关键因素,并结合理论分析和试验研究,得出实验室内模拟降雪环境的冷负荷计算方法和最优成雪的水粒直径。结果建立了实验室降雪环境模拟技术,采用该降雪环境模拟技术,降雪强度及降雪品质均满足飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验验证需求。结论建立的降雪环境模拟技术切实有效,可用于实验室飞机等武器装备降雪环境适应性试验研究。     

某大型装备液冷机组振动测试及减振优化

目的了解大型装备液冷机组振动情况;评估工作环境人员舒适性;采取合理措施,降低大型装备的液冷机组振动对装备可靠性及装备中工作人员的身体健康的影响。方法对某大型装备的液冷机组开展振动测试及舒适性评估工作,并依据振动分析结果对原有减振方案进行减振优化。结果对比原有减振方案和优化方案对应测点的振动响应,发现优化方案的振动响应明显减小,最大衰减5.55 dB。减振优化后,振动量值从0.555m/s~2下降到0.295m/s~2,根据国家标准GB/T13441.1-2007中的规定,人员在此环境工作时,不会感到不舒适,人员舒适性满足标准要求。结论工作环境人员舒适性满足相关标准要求,减振优化方案效果明显。装备服役后,使用情况良好,进一步证明了减振优化的有效性。     

敦煌地区干热与干冷环境特征研究

目的 建立大气环境干热、干冷环境特征的表征方法,以便定量表征大气环境干热、干冷的严酷性,为高分子材料及产品在该地区的老化试验与评估提供参考。方法 设置温度-相对湿度组合为临界值,统计给定时期内温度高于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干热时间,统计给定时间内温度低于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干冷时间,并以干热时间、干冷时间占给定时期总时间的百分比来表征干热、干冷环境特征,研究临界条件、数据间隔时间对干热、干冷特征的影响。结果 以25 ℃RH40%、5 ℃ RH40%为临界条件分别统计干热时间和干冷时间的月、年百分比,可表征大气环境的干热、干冷特征。敦煌6、7月份为干热严酷月,月干热时间百分比超过40%,1、2月份为干冷严酷月,月干冷时间百分比可超过70%。结论 临界温度、临界相对湿度、统计年份、数据间隔时间等对统计结果有较大的影响。     

储罐两环段喷淋圈管对供给强度的影响

国内储罐火灾爆炸事故时有发生,储罐消防冷却系统实施有效的冷却是控制火势和扑救初期火灾的主要因素之一。为了研究油罐消防喷淋系统在灭后冷却中的影响,本文选取4座5×10~3内浮顶罐组,开展消防冷却水系统喷洒实验,通过测试分析发现:实际的冷却水供给强度不满足规范的要求,并探讨了储罐固定冷却水系统供给强度不足的原因,结合分析的原因建议对规范中着火罐和临近罐供水强度要求统一均为2.5 L/(min·m^2),其冷却水喷淋圈管设置应为四段以上。     

感温自启动灭火管系统应用于密闭空间的试验研究

为了对比Novec 1230（全氟己酮）感温自启动灭火管系统与R236fa（六氟丙烷）感温自启动灭火管系统的灭火效率,采用火灾实体试验的方法,分析了不充压,0.88,1.81 MPa下2系统的灭火时间、破裂动作温度及降温冷却效果。研究结果表明:2种灭火管系统都成功灭火,且 R236fa灭火管系统灭火时间更短;2种灭火管系统的破裂动作温度均在80 ℃以上;不充压和0.88 MPa时,2种灭火管系统降温冷却效果相差不大,但充压1.81 MPa时Novec 1230灭火管系统对环境温度的降温冷却作用更强。