三亚湾春夏季初级生产力的分布特征及环境影响研究

2006年春季和夏季对三亚湾水域初级生产力进行了调查,结果表明:三亚湾春季和夏季表层潜在初级生产力(以C计)平均值分别为7.54 mS/(m<'3>·h)和6.66 mg/(m<'3>·h);两个季节初级生产力的水平分布特征相似.在三亚河口近岸水域始终存在叶绿素及初级生产力的高值区,这与河口近岸营养物质输入密切相关,并...     

微库仑法测定制浆造纸漂白废水的AOX研究

介绍Multi X2500总有机卤素分析仪对制浆造纸漂白废水中可吸附有机卤素(AOX)的测定;水样用硝酸调pH ＜2后,以双根活性炭玻璃填充柱法或振荡法进行吸附;将吸附有机物的活性炭在氧气流中燃烧热解、用微库仑法测定其卤化氢.试验结果显示,双根活性炭玻璃填充柱吸附法优于振荡吸附法.纯水中不同含氯量的加标实验平均回收率为86.0％～ 108％,实际水样加标实验回收率为86.3％～ 107％.     

The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands

The long‐term threat of sea‐level rise to coral atoll and reef island communities in Kiribati, Tuvalu and other nations has raised the possibility of international migration. Historical resettlements in the Pacific may provide valuable insight into the long‐term effect of future climate change‐related migration on communities. This study evaluates the challenges faced by Gilbertese people resettled from modern‐day Kiribati to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands by the British colonial administration in the mid‐1900s. Drawing upon field interviews (n = 45) conducted in 2011 and the available historical literature, the study examines the circumstances of the initial failed resettlement in the equatorial Phoenix Islands, the subsequent relocation to Ghizo, and the recent concerns of the Gilbertese in Ghizo. Focus is placed on the struggle to recover from the 2007 tsunami that devastated the unprepared community. The analysis reveals that uncertainty about land tenure (raised by 61% of respondents) persists 60 years after resettlement, and is linked to the ability to recover from the tsunami, tensions with the Melanesian population, concerns over political representation, cultural decline, and education and employment opportunities. The Gilbertese experience can serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers considering mechanisms for facilitating climate change‐related migration.     

吹填珊瑚礁砂地基处理方法适用性与加固效果应用研究

珊瑚礁砂是珊瑚礁、贝壳等经侵蚀、破碎后沉积在近岸环境中的一种生物碎屑,吹填珊瑚礁砂作为地基土可就地取材、大幅降低工程造价、缩短施工时间。然而,吹填珊瑚礁砂地基处理工程实践中一般采用基于陆源砂的地基处理与加固效果评价方法,具有很大的不确定性。本文在苏丹、沙特、南海某试验区分别采用振动碾压、强夯、振冲法对吹填珊瑚礁砂场地进行地基加固处理,依据载荷试验、标准贯入、动力触探、静力触探等原位测试对珊瑚礁砂场地进行加固效果与有效深度评价,采用平板载荷试验获取珊瑚礁砂场地处理后的地基承载力,结果表明:(1)珊瑚礁砂场地振动碾压法的有效加固深度约1.0 m,加固深度十分有限;(2)500~3000 kN·m夯击能下强夯法的有效加固深度2.0~4.0 m,明显低于相同条件下陆源砂的有效加固深度;(3)珊瑚礁砂场地振冲后可达到中密、密实状态,132 kW振冲的最大有效加固深度为8.0~10.0 m;(4)平板载荷试验获取的珊瑚礁砂承载力特征值与动力触探击数存在良好的经验关系,地基承载力特征值多数超过500 kPa,最高可达2000 kPa,与陆源砂的承载力特性存在显著差别,珊瑚礁砂具有“珊瑚礁砂变形大、高压缩性”的特点易出现于高应力情况下,加固后的珊瑚礁砂地基在常压应力下,往往具备较高的强度与承载能力。     

珊瑚礁生态保护与管理的社会经济调查

通过综合古典社会学、人类学和经济学等学科的方法,采用调查问卷的方式对灯楼角珊瑚礁保护区的居民进行了社会经济调查,发现当地居民生活水平很低,对珊瑚礁的依赖性很强,生产方式简单,管理落后,政府、科学家和当地居民之间沟通较少,但最近居民对珊瑚礁资源重要性的认识已不断加深,并希望通过合理的开发和利用来改变生存状态。因而在今后的管理方案中应强调居民的参与,重视教育和培训,加强沟通和信息共享,合理规划,以达到珊瑚礁资源的可持续利用。     

三亚珊瑚变化趋势及原因分析

2006至2009年采用断面监测法对三亚蜈支洲、亚龙湾、大东海、鹿回头和西岛这5个区域的珊瑚进行了调查。结果显示:大东海、西岛、亚龙湾活珊瑚覆盖率呈现逐渐下降趋势,死珊瑚覆盖率则逐渐升高。鹿回头活珊瑚覆盖率处于较低水平,团块状珊瑚优势度高于枝状珊瑚,群落结构已经发生较大变化。分析表明长期的人类活动包括海洋工程、生活污水排放、旅游活动造成了这些区域的珊瑚退化,但这些区域新生珊瑚的补充量相对较高,说明珊瑚生长的自然环境基本没有改变。只要控制人类活动的影响,这些区域的珊瑚还具有恢复的可能性。蜈支洲活珊瑚覆盖率保持在较高水平,死珊瑚覆盖率较低,珊瑚补充量较高,分枝状珊瑚的优势度高,珊瑚群落结构相对稳定,这说明在保护的前提下开展可持续利用的生态旅游活动可以促进珊瑚礁的保护。     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化-漂白脱色工艺处理纺织综合废水

溢达纺织有限公司纺织综合废水水质为 :pH 10～ 14、CODCr10 0 0～ 15 0 0mg L、BOD530 0～ 4 5 0mg L、SS 30 0mg L、S2 - 3mg L ,水温 4 0～ 5 0℃、色度 4 0 0～ 6 0 0倍 ,采用水解酸化 生物接触氧化 漂白氧化脱色处理工艺 ,处理后出水达到排放目标。经过 2a多时间的运行实践 ,结果表明 ,处理的出水水质稳定。     

Assesment of Trace Elements and Organic Pollutants from a Marine Oil Complex into the Coral Reef System of Cayo Arcas, Mexico

Possible contaminants produced by the Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) marine oil complex in the vicinity of the Cayo Arcas (Mexico) coral reef ecosystem were evaluated by analyzing sediments and sea water for hydrocarbons and metal elements. We found that the concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sea water were generally low, with the highest values detected near the oil station; the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was generally below the detection limit. The hydrocarbons found in the sediments seem to have a pyrogenic origin, and were probably produced by marine traffic in the study area. The total PAH concentration did not exceed the NOAA criteria, although levels of some individual PAHs did. The only metal detected in the sea water at high concentrations was nickel. The Ni/V ratio in the sediments indicates the contribution of crude oil to the system. The high content of Ni and Zn was attributed to the ballast waters from the oil tankers that load at the station's monobuoys. The presence of fine sediments that commonly originate from terrestrial ecosystems supported this assumption.     

Documenting Loss of Large Trophy Fish from the Florida Keys with Historical Photographs

Abstract:  A loss of large vertebrates has occurred in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but data to measure long-term population changes are sparse. Historical photographs provide visual and quantitative evidence of changes in mean individual size and species composition for groups of marine fish that have been targeted by sport fishing. I measured such trends for 13 groups of recreationally caught "trophy" reef fish with photographs taken in Key West, Florida, from 1956 to 2007. The mean fish size declined from an estimated 19.9 kg (SE 1.5) to 2.3 kg (SE 0.3), and there was a major shift in species composition. Landings from 1956 to 1960 were dominated by large groupers ( Epinephelus spp.), and other large predatory fish were commonly caught, including sharks with an average length of just <2 m. In contrast, landings in 2007 were composed of small snappers ( Lutjanus spp. and Ocyurus chrysurus ) with an average length of 34.4 cm (SE 0.62), and the average length of sharks declined by more than 50% over 50 years. Major declines in the size of fish caught were not reflected in the price of fishing trips, so customers paid the same amount for a less-valuable product. Historical photographs provide a window into a more pristine coral reef ecosystem that existed a half a century ago and lend support to current observations that unfished reef communities are able to support large numbers of large-bodied fish.     

Mathematical modelling for conservation and management of gorgonians corals: youngs and olds,could they coexist?

Gorgonian corals are long-lived, slow-growing marine species dominating Mediterranean rocky bottoms. Endowed with complex morphologies they give a structure to the whole community, moreover, being efficient suspension feeders, they play a key role in plankton-benthos energy flow and CO₂${\text{CO}}_2$ storage. Thus, the structure and the development of benthic, hard bottom communities are linked to gorgonian survival. The red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a precious gorgonian endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Harvested and traded world-wide since ancient times red coral is a clear example of overexploited marine resource. This species is structured into self-seeding, genetically differentiated populations, some of which, living in the shallower part of the species bathymetric distribution, was recently affected by anomalous mortality events linked to global climate change. The co-occurrence of overharvesting and mass mortality could dramatically affect such populations. Demographic population models, widely applied by conservation biologists to check population viability and to project population trends over time are fundamental to foster survival of such populations matching harvesting to population growth rates. Therefore we set out a dynamic model of a genetically differentiated red coral population living in shallow waters. This population is characterised by small/young, crowded colonies and high recruitment rate. On the basis of the size–age structure determined for this population, a static life-history table, in which survival and reproduction coefficients of the different size–age classes were reported, has been set out. Demographic data were included in a non-linear, discrete, age-structured dynamic model, based on a Leslie-Lewis transition matrix. Our field data indicate that the recruits-to-larvae ratio is actually density-dependent. Such dependence, positive for low and negative for high density values, was included into the model and the effect of colonies of different size–age classes on recruits-to-larvae ratio was considered to be proportional to the number of polyps they have. We applied such model to simulate the trends of the studied population under different increases of survival and life-span. As some populations of gorgonians actually show the dominance of sparse, big/old colonies and low recruitment rate, while others are characterised by crowded, small/young colonies and high recruitment rate, we simulated the shift from the former to the latter structure increasing survival and life-span. Our results suggest that a dramatic mortality increase of bigger–older colonies (due, in the case of red coral to overfishing) could have determined the population structure we found.