Renewable resource management and extinction

Several authors have noted that extinction of a biological resource could be consistent with a policy of maximizing the discounted present value of economic rent. However, the arguments put forward in support of this assertion have hitherto been based on autonomous models. In this note we discuss the nonautonomous case, which turns out to be considerably more difficult to analyze.     

基于利益相关者的企业环境绩效驱动机制及实证

基于利益相关者和企业环境绩效可能存在的驱动响应关系,提出将企业主体、政府部门、投资者、消费者、社区公众作为5个典型的利益相关者,构建了企业环境绩效的驱动因子体系.选取2008年度国内300强企业作为初始样本,详细整理其公开的环境信息,筛选确定以环境信息公开相对完善的41家企业为案例进行实证分析.企业环境绩效与驱动因素的Spearman相关分析表明,企业主体是环境绩效的主导驱动因素,政府部门和投资者是环境绩效的重要推动因素,而消费者和社区公众对环境绩效未有显著影响;典范对应分析表明,企业环境绩效驱动因素可归为3类,对企业环境绩效的总解释能力达到80.7%;53.66%的案例企业分别受到企业环境管理能力、政府环境规制、企业环境风险等因素的独立作用,而其余企业则受多因素共同作用.     

Enforcement costs and regulatory reform: The agency and firm response

Influenced by models of optimal law enforcement, several authors have recently revised the work on efficient levels of regulatory control to accommodate the realities of underenforcement and imperfect compliance. However, most of these efforts have centered on either the enforcement agency or the firm and have largely ignored the decentralized nature of the enforcement process. This paper extends these results by modelling both the firm and the local agency and by incorporating detection uncertainty and concealment activity. Each model is then evaluated with respect to the alternative regulatory regimes of direct controls and emission taxes.     

A ranking index to characterize polynuclear aromatic pollutants in environmental samples

This study investigated the use of a screening procedure to provide a ranking index (RI) for characterizing polynuclear aromatic (PNA) species in atmospheric samples. The ranking procedure employs a cost-effective and rapid screening technique based on synchronous luminescence spectroscopy. The efficacy and usefulness of the ranking procedure are demonstrated by comparing the RI values with data expressed in terms of the benzene-soluble standard, benzo[a]pyrene values, and the total content of fourteen PNA compounds.     

A new method for spectrophotometric determination of benzene in air

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of benzene in air is described. The method is based upon the nitration of benzene to m-dinitrobenzene and subsequent reduction to m-phenylenediamine. m-Phenylenediamine is determined by diazotization-coupling reaction. α-Naphthol is used as a coupling reagent. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 10–80 μg of m-dinitribenzene per 25 mL sample. The dye shows a wavelength of maximum absorption at 530 nm. The dye is stable for ～ 30 h. Toluene, the major interferent, can be separated. Beer's law, sensitivity, reproducibility, and other reaction conditions such as time, temperature, and acidity were studied. Formation of stable dye is the main advantage of the method over the butanone method for benzene, in which the colored complex is stable for only 5 min. It is possible to determine traces of benzene (0.05–0.30 μg/mL) by extracting the azo dye in 10 mL iso-amyl alcohol; this also increases the stability of the dye up to 42 h.     

Predicting preference for familiar,everyday objects: An experimental confrontation between two theories of aesthetic behaviour

The work reported compared the predictive ability of two theories of aesthetic behaviour, using normal, everyday objects. This involved utilizing simulated items of furniture in three experiments in which predictions deduced from the ‘collative-motivation’ model and what has been termed a ‘preference-for-prototypes’ model were made to compete empirically. For each of the five pairs of discrepant expectations formulated in the three experiments the outcomes were inconsistent with Berlyne's model, while supporting the prototypicality model. A number of theoretical implications are drawn from these findings.     

渭河流域鱼类群落结构特征及其受环境因子的影响分析

本文以渭河流域为研究区,调查了全流域45个点位的鱼类群落和水环境理化特征,采用聚类分析确定渭河流域主要的鱼类群落分布类型,并运用典范对应分析方法(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)识别影响渭河流域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.本次鱼类调查共鉴定出鱼类36种,其中,鲤科和鳅科是构成渭河流域鱼类群落的主要类群.鱼类聚类结果显示,群落结构可分为3组,第1组主要分布在渭河源头及上游支流,鱼类以陕西高原鳅(Triplophysa shaanxiensis)、岷县高原鳅(Triplophysa minxianensis)为优势物种,包括拉式鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)、北方花鳅(Cobitis granoei)等敏感物种,耐受物种分布极少;第2组主要分布在渭河上游和泾洛河上游,鱼类以达里湖高原鳅(Triplophysa dalaica)、背斑高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae dorsonotata)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)为优势物种,包括少数拉式鱥等敏感种;第3组主要分布在渭河中下游,鱼类以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、棒花鱼和鲫(Carassius auratus)等江河平原鱼类为主,耐受物种较多.CCA分析结果显示,影响渭河流域的主要环境因子有海拔高度、溶解氧含量、流速、高锰酸盐指数、砂/淤泥/粘土所占比例和草地所占比例.而对于不同的指示物种,影响其分布的主要环境因子也各有不同.本研究是继20世纪80年代以来首次对渭河全流域进行水生态调查,并分析渭河流域鱼类的群落结构特征,可为流域水生态系统恢复提供重要的科学依据.     

浙江青山水库浮游植物群落结构变化及与环境因子的关系

于2009年按季度对浙江省临安市内的青山水库进行调查,测定了水体环境因子、浮游植物群落,采用营养状态指数法对水库水质现状进行了分析和评价,并探讨了浮游植物与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:青山水库处于轻度富营养化和中度富营养化之间,水库入库处营养状态综合指数高于库中和大坝处。调查期间共发现浮游植物7门40属89种。不同季节浮游植物主要优势种类不同,春季以硅藻、隐藻和甲藻为主,夏季以蓝藻和绿藻为主,秋季以蓝藻、硅藻和隐藻为主,冬季以硅藻和隐藻为主。相关分析表明,青山水库浮游植物密度与出入库流量和透明度呈显著负相关,与总磷呈显著正相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,出入库流量、水温、溶解氧和营养盐是影响水体浮游植物分布格局的重要环境因子。