大城市郊区典型区域农户作物种植选择行为及其影响因素对比研究——基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户的调查研究

研究从农户作物种植选择行为角度出发,以马斯洛需求层次理论为基础,通过构建社会经济及政策变化对农户种植选择行为影响机理分析框架和理论模型,基于沈阳市苏家屯区238户农户调查数据,采用统计分析法和Logistic回归分析,研究结果表明:工业化、城市化进程的加快促进了大城市郊区非农就业机会的增多和对农产品需求的增加,导致农户作物种植业选择行为出现了明显的"非粮化"和"非农化"趋势,不同区域农户作物选择行为存在明显的差异,在空间上形成近郊区以种植粮食作物为主→远郊区兼种粮食作物和经济作物为主→纯农村区以种植经济作物为主的"反杜能圈"式的种植模式特征。在此研究基础上,从外部环境包括城市扩展、经济结构、市场价格变化、政策制度安排和内部环境包括个人特征、家庭特征、资源禀赋等7类因素13个因子对产生差异的影响机理进行分析,结果显示不同区域、不同因子的作用方向、影响程度与显著性表现均有所不同。根据以上的研究结果,政府应该从鼓励农户发展休闲农业、合理引导农户把握市场和培养新型农民等方面入手,优化农业结构调整,促进农村土地合理利用,提高土地利用效率,实现农村土地资源的持续利用。     

内蒙古典型草原作物系数和实际蒸散量的时空分布特征

利用内蒙古典型草原21个气象站点的气象和牧草观测资料,结合潜在蒸散量和改进的作物系数计算方法,模拟计算了2009年草原植被作物系数和实际蒸散量.在GIS软件的支持下,分析了二者的时空分布特点,并通过反映牧草长势的NDVI变化趋势予以验证.结果表明:5-8月间随着月份的增加作物系数Kc_x最大值的变化趋势由0.6→1.2→1.4→1.4,平均值是0.28→0.36→0.40→0.38.4个时期的Kc_x值以0.2~0.6之间的区域占主体,为55%以上.实际蒸散量在时间变化和空间分布上与Kc_x值基本一致.随着月份的增加实际蒸散量低值级的区域面积逐渐缩小,相对应的高值级的面积逐渐增大,整个生长季以30~90 mm的蒸散量为主.5-8月牧草实际蒸散量和NDVI值的相关系数达到0.446,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.     

Effects of two root-secreted phenolic compounds from a subalpine coniferous species on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass

In order to evaluate the ecological consequences and potential mechanisms of specific C compounds on soil microbial processes under climate warming, we injected solutions of two modelled root exudates, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester (DBP), respectively, into soil at two concentrations (20 and 1000?µg?g^?1 soil). For all treatments, soils amended with the two phenolic compounds were incubated at two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) for 30 days. The responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial property to modelled root exudates to some extent depended on temperature regime, exudation component, and addition concentration. For example, the addition of BHT tended to decrease the soil enzyme activities. However, DBP addition generally increased the two metabolic enzyme activities at 30°C, and tended to decrease the two enzyme activities at 20°C, but a significant reduction was observed only at a high concentration at 20°C. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity were generally lower at 30°C compared to those at 20°C, when averaged across all treatment combinations. Taken together, our results indicated that the amounts and quality of liable root-derived C can differentially affect microbial processes, and various environmental changes will greatly complicate root–microbe–soil interactions in forests.     

Traditional crop diversity for sustainable development of Central Himalayan agroecosystems

SUMMARY

A rich diversity of traditional crops occurs generally in the Himalaya and more particularly in Central Himalaya. Over forty species of food grains are grown in traditional agroecosystems of Central Himalaya, which have been managed by the local farming communities since time immemorial. These traditional crop varieties have evolved over centuries and are well adapted to the particular area. A number of edaphic, topographic and climatic factors associated with different selection pressures over centuries of cultivation resulted in immense variations in the crop species.

The grain and by-product yield of the majority of the traditional crops cultivated across an altitudinal gradient were worked out and compared with common food crops (paddy, wheat, mustard) at two points in time (1970-74, 1990–94) and it was found that almost all the traditional crops had slightly higher yields during 1970–74 than between 1990–94. However, common food crops grown during the Kharif season had higher yields during 1990–94 whereas, Rabi season crops exhibited higher yield during 1970–74. The yield of rainfed paddy remained static over the years across the altitudinal gradient. Among the traditional crops cultivated during the Kharif and Rabi seasons in mixed and pure forms at different altitudes were Macrotyloma uniforum (at higher altitude), Parilla frutescens and Vigna mungo (at middle altitude) and Panicum miliaceum (at lower altitude) which were found to be eco-energetically efficient. Avena sativa (oat) and mixed cropping of Fagopyrum esculentum and potato had higher energy efficiency ratios whereas the latter also exhibited a higher monetary output/input ratio. Crops like paddy and wheat with mustard, grown in irrigated land were found to be more eco-energetically efficient than the same crops grown in the rainfed land. In general, traditional crops possess higher nutritive value than the common food crops. The contribution of traditional crops to the local diet (kg/capita/year) and their energy and protein equivalents were higher during both time periods. It was observed that while exporting these traditional crops, the locals of the region are highly exploited by middlemen. Despite having huge potential, traditional crop diversity of this region has been reduced to a great extent during the last two decades. Besides, the area under cultivation with these crops has been declining rapidly. However, many of these crops possess immense potential to meet the growing food demand and ensure food security of an increasing population. Therefore, a comprehensive programme of conservation through various means and improvement of agronomic yield in their natural habitats is urgently needed.     

三工河流域梭梭群落细根生长动态及周转

细根对植物群落功能的发挥和土壤碳库及全球碳循环具有重要意义.采用土柱法和分解袋法,于2010年5-10月整个生长季内,对三工河流域梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落的细根生物量以及分解和周转规律进行研究.结果表明,梭梭群落细根生物量呈现明显的季节变化,5-8月逐渐增加,8月达到最大,9-10月逐渐下降.细根生物量月平均值为183.76 g·m-2.活细根和死细根生物量分别占细根总生物量的72.59％和27.41％.梭梭群落细根生物量表现出明显的垂直变化,随土壤深度的增加而呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,其中51.36％的活细根和51.81％的死细根生物量分布在＞10～30 cm土层.梭梭群落细根年分解率为58.76％,达到50％和95％分解率所需时间为279和1 302 d.梭梭群落细根净生产力为110.73 g·m-2·a-1,年周转速率为1.25次.     

东北三省农作物洪涝时空风险评估

仅考虑空间差异的灾害风险评估已经满足不了灾害风险管理向精细化方向发展的要求,增加时间维度的时空风险评估分析有利于增强风险评估结果,对提升风险管理的准确性与针对性起着重要的作用.以东北三省为研究区,在气象数据、地形数据、农作物灾情数据和种植面积数据的支撑下,以县和月为单位的时空两个维度开展农作物洪涝时空风险评估研究.在方法上,采用反距离权重法(IDW),利用与县行政区最临近的3个气象站点的日降雨数据插值出县级行政区的日降雨数据;利用二元回归建立农作物洪涝受灾率与过程降雨量、县平均高程之间的农作物洪涝脆弱性函数;分县分月提取过程降雨量,构建非参数核密度的信息扩散模型拟合降雨量的概率分布;综合概率分布与脆弱性函数,计算出分县分月的农作物洪涝条件期望受灾率,实现风险时空差异表达.最后,制作出东北三省县级尺度下4至9月的农作物洪涝风险差异图,并对风险时空差异规律进行分析.     

基于地理回归的农作物播种面积统计数据空间化方法

农作物空间格局反映了农作物种植结构和特征,是了解生产资源利用状况及进行农业结构调整的重要依据。研究旨在探索农作物播种面积统计数据空间化的方法,实现对历史农业统计数据的空间化表达。将传统的农业统计调查与先进的遥感技术、空间地理信息技术相结合,通过多元Logistic回归分析农作物格局与自然地理因素和社会经济因素之间的关系,构建农作物空间适宜性分布概率,在此基础上将农作物播种面积统计数据利用空间迭代分配方法,实现统计数据空间化的研究。论文选取中国东北三省作为方法研究区,实现了对该地区2000—2010年农作物播种面积空间化表达,经检验,该方法对东北三省水稻空间化精度为0.76,能够较好地完成农作物时空播种面积统计数据空间化工作。该方法是农作物调查和遥感时空格局解译研究的有效补充,为丰富农作物空间数据提供了技术手段。     

7个柳树无性系在Cu/Zn污染土壤中的生长及对Cu/Zn的吸收

通过盆栽试验来评价7个柳树无性系(旱柳?杞柳和金丝柳)修复Cu/Zn污染土壤或矿砂的潜力.研究了7个无性系在2种污染介质中的生长,叶绿素含量?根系形态及其对Cu、Zn的吸收转移.结果表明,150d后,7个柳树无性系在污染介质中都能生长,其中旱柳和金丝柳生长较好,其他无性系生长受到明显抑制.各无性系叶片出现黄化现象,叶绿素相对含量降低.根系发育受到一定程度的抑制.各无性系对Cu的积累主要在地下部,而对Zn的积累主要在地上部,特别是在叶片中.7个无性系在铜土中更容易积累重金属.各无性系生物富集系数(BCF)Cu.Cu的转移系数(TF)值均<1,Zn的TF值在1.36~2.49之间.旱10?旱34和金丝柳对Cu和Zn有较强的耐性和一定积累能力,适合在尾矿区造林和修复.     

Modelling dynamics of soil organic matter under different historical land-use management techniques in European Russia

We have analyzed an influence of the traditional agricultural system techniques on the soil organic matter dynamics using the model of carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems EFIMOD linked with the model of SOM dynamics ROMUL. Forest stands on the loamy soddy-podzolic soils (Alfisoils) located in the Central European Russia have been taken for the case study. The following land-use management scenarios were simulated: (a) slash-and-burn system with 3 years for crops and 120, 60 and 25 years for forest; (b) three-field crop rotation system with organic fertilization (dung) every 3 and 9 years and the same rotation without fertilization; and (c) short-term field-forest shifting system with 10 years for crops and 10 and 25 years for forest. Analysis of the results showed that the frequency of agricultural use in mixed field-forest land-use systems was crucial for soil organic matter dynamics. Under the short interval between agriculture, the stocks of all soil organic matter pools decreased. Under all scenarios except the three-field crop rotation with fertilization and the slash-and-burn system with 120 years for forest, a strong reduction of soil organic matter occurred after 30-130 years of the agricultural impacts. The highest reduction rates were modelled under the short-term field-forest shifting system and three-field rotation without fertilization. Fertilization led to stabilization of soil organic matter pools and gave a possibility for a long time stable agricultural use.     

不同种植制度对稻田旱作季节CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了稻田旱作季节几种典型种植制度对CH4和N2O排放的影响,包括休闲（fallow）、油菜对照（OR-ck）、小麦对照（W-ck）、油菜施N（OR-N）和小麦施N（W-N）5个处理。试验结果表明,稻田旱作季节N2O排放明显,CH4排放量较低,甚至表现为弱的CH4汇。稻田旱作季节N2O排放除受到N肥和种植制度影响外,还受土壤含水量影响,施N处理显著促进了N2O排放,降雨后N2O排放明显。小麦和油菜施N处理N2O平均排放通量分别为18.51和13.47μg·m^-2·h^-1,季节累积排放量分别为87.31和59.48 mg·m^-2,均显著高于对照和休闲处理。不同作物种类间N2O平均排放通量无显著差异,N2O季节累积排放量则表现为小麦显著高于油菜。各处理综合温室效应（100 a）依次为：OR-N〉W-N〉W-ck〉fallow〉OR-ck。各施N处理综合温室效应以N2O为主,但各无N处理则以CH4为主,也不容忽视。