电子设备的环境应力损伤模型

介绍了环境应力损伤模型的基本概念以及电子设备环境应力损伤模型的分类,重点研究在典型环境条件下电子设备的环境应力损伤模型,总结了加速试验和故障机理分析两种试验验证方法。     

典型区土壤重金属空间插值方法与污染评价

选择最优的空间插值方法对土壤重金属空间分布特征的反映和污染评价具有重要的意义.以湖北省恩施市典型区表层土壤重金属As和Cd为例,选取常用的反距离权重法(IDW)、径向基函数法(RBF)、局部多项式法(LPI)和普通克里格法(OK)进行空间插值,对比分析了不同插值方法的插值精度及结果差异.同时采用地累积指数和指示克里格法(IK)评价了土壤重金属污染状况.结果表明,不同插值方法对于同一种元素的预测误差相差较小,但对土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征存在明显差异,其中LPI法表现出明显的平滑效应,OK法次之,而IDW法和RBF法极大地保留了元素含量的极值信息,插值结果较详尽.为准确了解局部高背景区土壤重金属的空间分布状况,应优选IDW法或RBF法进行插值.以湖北省深层土壤重金属含量算术均值作为背景值,地累积指数污染评价结果显示:As和Cd的超标样点分别占5.5%和99.0%,研究区Cd污染程度较高.IK法污染评价显示:Cd中度-强污染以上的高概率污染区域主要位于研究区的中部,应重视土壤Cd污染分布,并对其有效治理与修复.     

Determination of Water-soluble Atmospheric Aerosols Using Ion Chromatography

A field study was established to investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Chicago, IL. One goal of this study was to determine the influence of precursor trace gases and local meteorology on concentrations of secondary aerosol ionic species. This paper describes the method details, shows the method is analytically valid, and reports overall as well as some specific results found during the field study. Two particulate air samples were collected per day onto quartz fiber filters at the Loyola University Chicago Air Station during the summer months in 2002–2004. In parallel, mixing ratios of ozone and nitrogen oxides were monitored and weather parameters were recorded. Particulates were extracted from the filter substrates and the subsequent solutions were analyzed by ion chromatography for anions, including low molecular weight organic acids, and cations. A washing procedure was implemented to reduce the high background values of the quartz fiber filters. Method validation showed that the collection method was efficient for all ions with exception of nitrate, whose efficiency of 70% indicated losses caused by volatilization. The extraction method also proved efficient for both field and laboratory samples, and the repeatability of the method was high with relative standard deviations less than 10% for all ions. Reproducibility of the results was determined by comparison of sulfate to sulfur analyzed by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proved to be high as well. Concentrations differed significantly between the three summer studies due to varying levels of precursor species as a consequence of distinct temperatures and wind direction profiles.     

非对称交叉轧制压力研究与分析

对冷轧条件下非对称交叉轧制情况下变形区金属流动状态进行了分析 ,建立了总轧制压力计算公式 ,并用理论与实验两方面进一步分析了轧制压力与交叉角之间的关系。     

应用多孔玻璃膜分离水中纳米有机胶体质的研究

应用新型的硼硅酸多孔玻璃膜（porous glass)于错流超滤（cross-flow ultrafiltration）系统中，分离出30－300nm有机质胶体。分别试验孔径为30nm、50nm和100nm等多孔玻璃膜对一些标准有机大分子的截留率。实验结果显示过滤溶液的酸度、温度、盐度对该分离膜的分离性能影响甚微。     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。     

Development of rapid,cost effective coral survey techniques: tools for management and conservation planning

Coral reefs are highly dynamic and productive marine ecosystems, providing habitat and refuge for an enormous number of species including fish, invertebrates and algae. With increased anthropogenic pressures and global climate change, many coral reefs are rapidly declining. Currently, there is limited knowledge on condition and community assemblage composition of shallow fringing coral reefs along the south-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. With increased demand to determine existence of coastal fringing reefs by National Regional Management groups, a rapid cost effective method to determine reef composition and condition was required. The aim of this study was to determine the benthic structure and extent of two small coastal fringing reefs (Hummock Hill Reef and Stringers Reef) along the Southern Great Barrier Reef. Reef substrate assessments were carried out using a rapid assessment technique and a Point Intercept Method (PIM). The data were analysed and classified using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Percent substrate cover was calculated using a visual basic image analysis program. The Point intercept method showed higher accuracy over the rapid assessment technique (up to 15–40% difference) and was thus deemed a more suitable classification tool for reefs with high structural complexity and heterogeneity. This study focused on piloting a rapid, cost effective Point Intercept Technique using random point count methodology to document coral benthic habitat and extent over a commonly used rapid assessment method as a tool for reef coastal management and conservation. The two techniques were compared and substrate classification success, limitations and errors were discussed.     

城市街区污染散布的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析

将专门设计的一项中性层结条件下风洞的污染物浓度测量实验，与已建城市小区尺度模式在相同条件下的污染扩散模拟结果进行了比较分析．分析了该模式流场模拟的有效性．结果表明：总体上，数值模拟与风洞实验结果符合较好；进一步分析发现，数值模拟结果中建筑物背风侧空腔区湍涡的中心比风洞实验结果略高，空腔区的范围比风洞实验所示范围大，建筑物迎风侧位移区比风洞实验所示小．此差异可能是由两者边界条件的不同引起的．     

On the relationship between intragroup conflict and social capital in teams: A longitudinal investigation in Taiwan

In response to the prevalent deployment of teams in organizations, there is a need to jointly consider conflict and social capital within the teams to offer novel ways to understand group process. This study proposes that the association between intragroup conflict and group social capital may be dynamic and reciprocal. Specifically, this study investigates longitudinally how intragroup conflict influences group social capital within cross‐functional teams and recognizes whether the teams with high group social capital can further produce intragroup conflict. The two‐year longitudinal study sampled 527 individuals in 90 teams across two time periods. This study finds that when teams are formed (Time 1), task conflict relates positively to structural social capital, and relationship conflict relates negatively to cognitive social capital. There is an inverted U‐type relationship between task conflict at Time 1 and social capital at Time 2. Established teams (Time 2) with higher levels of social capital experience higher levels of task conflict and lower levels of relationship conflict than teams with lower levels of social capital. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Abstract

Objective: Particular testing by functional decomposition of the automated driving function can potentially contribute to reducing the effort of validating highly automated driving functions. In this study, the required size of test suites for scenario-based testing and the potential to reduce it by functional decomposition are quantified for the first time.

Methods: The required size of test suites for scenario-based approval of a so-called Autobahn-Chauffeur (SAE Level 3) is analyzed for an exemplary set of scenarios. Based on studies of data from failure analyses in other domains, the possible range for the required test coverage is narrowed down and suitable discretization steps, as well as ranges for the influence parameters, are assumed. Based on those assumptions, the size of the test suites for testing the complete system is quantified. The effects that lead to a reduction in the parameter space for particular testing of the decomposed driving function are analyzed and the potential to reduce the validation effort is estimated by comparing the resulting test suite sizes for both methods.

Results: The combination of all effects leads to a reduction in the test suites’ size by a factor between 20 and 130, depending on the required test coverage. This means that the size of the required test suite can be reduced by 95–99% by particular testing compared to scenario-based testing of the complete system.

Conclusions: The reduction potential is a valuable contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during the validation of highly automated driving. However, this study is based on assumptions and only a small set of exemplary scenarios. Thus, the findings have to be validated in further studies.