VR-GIS技术在小城镇洪水淹没模拟分析中的应用

近年来利用计算机和信息技术研究洪水灾害是个研究热点,但小城镇在防洪减灾方面缺少应有的关注和重视。本文对VR(虚拟现实技术)-GIS技术在小城镇洪水淹没模拟分析中的应用进行了研究,解决了系统实现过程中的一系列关键技术:小城镇空间数据库的建库技术及三维可视化、洪水淹没范围的确定,以及洪水淹没实时动态演示等问题。该技术已在国家十五科技攻关项目所开发的《小城镇基础设施防灾减灾决策支持系统》中得以实现。实践证明:小城镇空间数据库的建库技术速度快、成本低,适合中国小城镇的信息化现状。利用淹没范围的近似计算模型,可以有效迅速准确地计算出洪水淹没范围,有利于防洪减灾的迅速决策,且偏于安全。小城镇洪水灾害的三维可视化模拟,可以实时动态地演示小城镇遭受洪灾实况的全过程。     

天然沸石的加工技术及其在水处理中的应用

论述了天然沸石的吸附、离子交换和催化性能,介绍了沸石的超细粉碎、选矿提纯、化学增白、改性或改型、人工合成和再生等加工技术．从去除有机污染物、去除氨氮、降低氟含量、去除重金属离子、作污水滤料、消除放射性物质等方面回顾了沸石在水处理中的应用．并对应用前景和未来发展进行了展望。     

我国企业管理的信息技术应用研究

我国企业管理的创新需要信息技术的支持,只有把信息技术和现代企业管理理念进行相互交融,才能建立适应企业发展的根本制度。在经济全球化、管理信息化的今天,只有实现对企业的过程管理才能创造企业的美好未来;只有改变财务管理、采购、销售过程中的不透明现象才能促进企业全面发展。通过信息化建设可以有效整合企业资源,促进企业管理的全面升级。     

不同物质对铬价态测定结果的影响

采用单波长法和双波长法,分别考察了KH2PO4、H3PO4、H2SO4、KNO3、牛肉膏和蛋白胨对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)质量浓度测定的影响。结果显示,Cr(III)和Cr(VI)在测量中是相互影响的,并且Cr(III)对Cr(VI)影响较显著。在单波长法测定中,牛肉膏、蛋白胨及2种酸对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的影响较钾盐对其影响更为显著,H3PO4和H2SO4对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的特征吸收峰值影响最大,降低幅度在20%～50%。这些物质对双波长法测定Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;但对Cr(III)测定中,H2SO4和H3PO4的影响较大,其相对误差分别为14.57%和8.87%,其余物质产生的相对误差均小于1.6%。因此,双波长法可用于生物样品中Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的测定,线性范围分别为0～160 mg/L和0～80mg/L。     

职业卫生信息化网络平台研究

当前我国职业卫生监管工作存在薄弱环节、监管手段相对落后,难以满足我国职业病防治工作形势的需求。将信息化技术应用于职业卫生监管,可有效提高职业卫生监管工作的科学性和有效性。阐述了职业卫生信息化网络平台建设的必要性,提出了职业卫生信息化建设的整体框架,分析并论述了具体建设内容以及建设过程中应注意的几点问题。     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Intentionally building relationships between participatory online groups and formal organisations for effective emergency response

Advances in information and communication technologies enable the public to contribute to emergency response. For instance, reporting systems set up during recent disasters allowed affected people to submit testimonies about conditions on the ground. In addition, the public has analysed data and helped to mobilise and deliver relief resources. To plan intentionally for an integrative emergency response system in the networked age, this research explores two subject areas: (i) the organisational and technical determinants of relationships forged between formal organisations and participatory online groups established by the public; and (ii) the consequences of the outcomes generated by these relationships. Four in‐depth case studies were selected for the analysis, which revealed that resource dependence, shared understanding, and the use of certain types of information technology influence the formation of such relationships. Furthermore, healthy collaborative relationships increase the chances of desirable results, including inter‐organisational alignment and minimal long‐term harm owing to a disaster.     

The ethics of genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation

The ethical issues associated with using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are typically described as consisting of risk assessment and management, public engagement and acceptance, opportunity costs, risk and benefit distributions, and oversight. These are important, but the ethical concerns extend beyond them because the use of genetic engineering has the potential to significantly alter the practices, concepts, and value commitments of conservation. I sought to elucidate the broader set of ethical issues connected with a potential genetic engineering turn in conservation and provide an approach to ethical analysis of novel conservation technologies. The primary rationales offered in support of using genetic engineering and gene drives in conservation are efficiency and necessity for achieving conservation goals. The instrumentalist ethical perspective associated with these rationales involves assessing novel technologies as a means to accomplish desired ends. For powerful emerging technologies the instrumentalist perspective needs to be complemented by a form-of-life perspective frequently applied in the philosophy of technology. The form-of-life perspective involves considering how novel technologies restructure the activities into which they are introduced. When the form-of-life perspective is applied to creative genetic engineering in conservation, it brings into focus a set of ethical issues, such as those associated with power, meaning, relationships, and values, that are not captured by the instrumentalist perspective. It also illuminates why the use of gene drives in conservation is so ethically and philosophically interesting.     

飞行安全技术影响因素及其作用机制研究

为通过管控飞行安全技术的影响因素提高飞行员飞行技术水平,从信息感知、信息处理、判断决策和反应行动4个方面分析了影响飞行安全技术的因素,并对影响作用做出假设。采用问卷调查获取数据,并应用结构方程模型定量分析各因素对飞行安全技术的作用。研究结果表明:判断决策相关因素、信息处理相关因素、反应行动相关因素、信息感知相关因素对飞行安全技术的影响程度依次递减;平衡觉、运动觉、视觉、震动觉、听觉通过作用于飞行员的信息感知进而影响飞行安全技术且影响程度依次递减;飞行经验、注意、理论知识、记忆通过作用于飞行员的信息处理进而影响飞行安全技术且影响程度依次递减;空间定向、风险感知、逻辑推理、快速运算通过作用于飞行员的判断决策进而影响飞行安全技术且影响程度依次递减;动作协调性、动作准确性、动作及时性通过作用于飞行员的反应行动进而影响飞行安全技术且影响程度依次递减。     

特长隧道风仓接力通风关键参数及其效果研究

通过长斜井进入正洞施工的特长隧道,往往面临独头通风距离过长、工作面风量不足等问题,造成污染物难以在规定时间排出洞外。以衢宁铁路鹫峰山隧道风仓接力施工通风为依托,采用数值模拟方法研究了风仓长度、隔板长度及风机布置方式对轴流风机通风效率的影响,分析了原压入式通风和风仓接力通风洞内CO运移特性。结果表明,风仓长度从10 m增至25 m时,轴流风机通风效率大幅提高,风仓长度大于25 m时,对轴流风机通风效率的影响不大。设置中隔板会影响空气在风仓内的分流并产生较多旋流,从而降低风机通风效率;轴流风机远离斜井端对称布置,风仓内部风流的引流速度和引流范围最大,风流运动路径最优,通风效率最高。由于压入式通风受限于斜井断面尺寸及现场布置方式,当通风距离超过3 000 m后,无法满足洞内作业环境规定的条件。在正洞与斜井交叉部位设置密封的风仓,形成接力通风,能大幅度延长通风距离,提高通风效率,改善洞内空气质量。