实验室培养日本大螯蜚f_1代的生活史

对实验室20℃恒温培养条件下日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica)f1代个体的生活周期、繁殖周期进行了研究,测定其不同发育阶段的存活率、性比、孵化幼体数量、繁殖后代总数等.结果表明:日本大螯蜚在生活史早期阶段存活率较高,中期阶段显著下降;雌性寿命最长为119 d,雄性为68 d,最长存活时间仅为雌性的一半左右;生活周期平均为42 d;幼体出生时性比接近1∶ 1;雌性孵化幼体数量为13～71只幼体/雌体;雌性可连续4次孵化幼体;雌性共产后代平均为92.3只幼体/雌体.     

Climate Change, Elevational Range Shifts, and Bird Extinctions

Abstract:  Limitations imposed on species ranges by the climatic, ecological, and physiological effects of elevation are important determinants of extinction risk. We modeled the effects of elevational limits on the extinction risk of landbirds, 87% of all bird species. Elevational limitation of range size explained 97% of the variation in the probability of being in a World Conservation Union category of extinction risk. Our model that combined elevational ranges, four Millennium Assessment habitat-loss scenarios, and an intermediate estimate of surface warming of 2.8° C, projected a best guess of 400–550 landbird extinctions, and that approximately 2150 additional species would be at risk of extinction by 2100. For Western Hemisphere landbirds, intermediate extinction estimates based on climate-induced changes in actual distributions ranged from 1.3% (1.1° C warming) to 30.0% (6.4° C warming) of these species. Worldwide, every degree of warming projected a nonlinear increase in bird extinctions of about 100–500 species. Only 21% of the species predicted to become extinct in our scenarios are currently considered threatened with extinction. Different habitat-loss and surface-warming scenarios predicted substantially different futures for landbird species. To improve the precision of climate-induced extinction estimates, there is an urgent need for high-resolution measurements of shifts in the elevational ranges of species. Given the accelerating influence of climate change on species distributions and conservation, using elevational limits in a tested, standardized, and robust manner can improve conservation assessments of terrestrial species and will help identify species that are most vulnerable to global climate change. Our climate-induced extinction estimates are broadly similar to those of bird species at risk from other factors, but these estimates largely involve different sets of species.     

非洲爪蟾肝细胞原代培养方法

非洲爪蟾是研究内分泌干扰物的良好模型动物,其体外肝细胞可用于类雌激素活性评价、污染物代谢等研究.论文探讨了非洲爪蟾肝细胞原代培养的方法,采用两步原位灌注法分离非洲爪蟾肝细胞,通过胶原酶的作用使细胞之间解离,后经过一系列转速的离心,获得纯化的肝实质细胞.研究结果表明,采用此法获得的细胞数量为2.5～5×106个,细胞成活率达95%以上,纯度在95%以上,细胞胞体透亮,折光性强,状态良好.培养24h后贴壁较好,每2d换液1次,可培养8～10d,细胞可满足多种后续实验的要求.     

内蒙古包头民航机场及周边地区鸟类组成及生态分布

2006年8月-2007年7月,对包头机场周边7km范围内的鸟类组成及生态分布进行了调查,共记录到鸟类153种,分属16目39科。其中留鸟31种,夏候鸟67种,旅鸟47种,冬候鸟8种。该地区繁殖鸟(包括留鸟和夏候鸟)有98种,占调查区鸟类总数的64.05%,其中北方型种类有81种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.65%,表现出明显的古北界鸟类区系特征。调查区分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区、山地、跑道与停机坪7种生境类型,对各生境中鸟类进行了分析。     

Low concentration of HgCl2 drives rat hepatocytes to autophagy/apoptosis/necroptosis in a time-dependent manner

Mercury (Hg) is known to produce hepatotoxicity driving cells towards apoptosis. It was recently reported that low concentrations of Hg (5 μM) initiate autophagy in vitro within 30 min of incubation modulated by several autophagy-related gene proteins, and co-regulators through ubiquitination. The present study aimed to elucidate in vitro mode of cytotoxic responses including programed cell death in 5-μM Hg-treated rat hepatocytes. Autophagy proceeded from 30 min to 4 hr mediated by crosstalk between specific regulating factors of cell-death-signaling mechanisms. It was noted that after 4-hr incubation with 5 μM HgCl₂, cells were driven towards apoptosis followed by necroptosis within 6.5 hr. Receptor-interacting serine-threonine protein 3 (RIP3) and caspase-8 played a significant role in interlinking function. The positive role of caspase-8 with RIP3 significantly triggered caspase-3 via extrinsic apoptotic pathway. A shift from apoptosis to necroptosis occurred after 6 hr via tumor necrosis factor α-RIP3-caspase-8 pathway. No alteration in caspase-3 expression and presence of high-mobility group box 1 protein in nucleus indicated absence of apoptosis and necrosis in rat hepatocytes between 6.5 and 8 hr. Data indicated that cellular homeostasis is regulated by modulating different proteins and driving hepatocytes through autophagy to apoptosis to necroptosis in a time-dependent manner.     

废弃黑木耳菌糠特征及环境影响分析

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对废弃黑木耳菌糠的分子结构进行表征,结果表明,其含有纤维素、半纤维素、-NH及-COOH等基团。废弃黑木耳菌糠的热稳性能通过热重/微商热重(TG/DTG)进行证实,热分析表明废弃黑木耳菌糠中含有一定的吸附水和结合水,热稳定性良好。表面形貌和元素分布通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子显微镜(EM)及能谱(EDS)进行解释,废弃黑木耳菌糠表面粗糙而松散,纤维素和菌丝体互相缠绕,其O、C、N、Ca的质量分数为96.24%,Mg、K、S、P、Si、Na、Al的质量分数为3.76%。此外,对废弃黑木耳菌糠的pH、吸水倍率及N、P、K含量进行了测定,其pH为5.14,吸水倍率为466%,N为10.66mg/g,P为2.11mg/g,K为2.61mg/g。并对废弃黑木耳菌糠可能对大气、水及土壤产生的环境影响进行了分析。通过对废弃黑木耳菌糠特征系统的研究和环境影响行为的深入分析,为其综合利用和环境保护提供了理论依据。     

3S技术在鸟类生态学研究中的应用

随着科学技术的发展"3S"技术在各个领域均得到了广泛的应用.本文介绍了"3S"技术和鸟类生态学的发展历史和研究现状,并对"3S"技术在鸟类生态学中的应该进行综合论述.     

Toxicity Assessment of Treated Wastewater Using Cultured Human Cell Lines

Bioassay using cultured human cell lines was applied to an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Sapporo to assess their toxicity, and in order to investigate the fate of toxicity in the WWTP, bioassay of the water samples from several points in WWTP (influent, effluent, return flow from thickener, from dewatering process and from incineration process) was performed. We also applied bioassay to the mixture of the activated sludge from the investigated plant and artificial sewage. These results showed that the toxicity of the effluent was more intensive than the influent, and organic matter released from activated sludge bacteria during their decay process contributed to the increase of toxicity in the effluent.     

大豆根边缘细胞对土荆芥组培根分泌物的响应

运用组织培养技术和悬空气培养法,研究了大豆根边缘细胞对土荆芥组培根分泌物的响应。结果表明：在土荆芥组培根分泌物作用下,随处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长,边缘细胞数量和存活率持续下降。游离的根边缘细胞周围聚集了一些颗粒状物质,根边缘细胞可能螯合土荆芥根系分泌物。土荆芥根系分泌物能促进根冠果胶甲基酯酶活性上调,但是随着处理浓度增大和处理时间延长,这种促进效应降低。这些结果表明土荆芥组培根分泌物对大豆根边缘细胞具有一定的胁迫效应,根边缘细胞通过加速死亡并分泌一些活性物质螯合土荆芥根系分泌物,可在一定范围内缓解根系分泌物的毒害作用。     

The malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum in the endemic avifauna of eastern Cuba

Island populations are vulnerable to introduced pathogens, as evidenced by extinction or population decline of several endemic Hawaiian birds caused by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium relictum (order Haemosporida). We analyzed blood samples from 363 birds caught near Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, for the presence of haemosporidian infections. We characterized parasite lineages by determining nucleotide variation of the parasite's mitochondrial cyt b gene. Fifty‐nine individuals were infected, and we identified 7 lineages of haemosporidian parasites. Fifty individuals were infected by 6 Haemoproteus sp. lineages, including a newly characterized lineage of Haem. (Parahaemoproteus) sp. CUH01. Nine individuals carried the P. relictum lineage GRW4, including 5 endemic Cuban Grassquits (Tiaris canorus) and 1 migratory Cape May Warbler (Setophaga tigrina). A sequence of the merozoite surface protein gene from one Cuban Grassquit infected with GRW4 matched that of the Hawaiian haplotype Pr9. Our results indicate that resident and migratory Cuban birds are infected with a malaria lineage that has severely affected populations of several endemic Hawaiian birds. We suggest GRW4 may be associated with the lack of several bird species on Cuba that are ubiquitous elsewhere in the West Indies. From the standpoint of avian conservation in the Caribbean Basin, it will be important to determine the distribution of haemosporidian parasites, especially P. relictum GRW4, in Cuba as well as the pathogenicity of this lineage in species that occur and are absent from Cuba.