Estimating risk at a Superfund site using passive sampling devices as biological surrogates in human health risk models

Passive sampling devices (PSDs) sequester the freely dissolved fraction of lipophilic contaminants, mimicking passive chemical uptake and accumulation by biomembranes and lipid tissues. Public Health Assessments that inform the public about health risks from exposure to contaminants through consumption of resident fish are generally based on tissue data, which can be difficult to obtain and requires destructive sampling. The purpose of this study is to apply PSD data in a Public Health Assessment to demonstrate that PSDs can be used as a biological surrogate to evaluate potential human health risks and elucidate spatio-temporal variations in risk. PSDs were used to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Willamette River; upriver, downriver and within the Portland Harbor Superfund megasite for 3 years during wet and dry seasons. Based on an existing Public Health Assessment for this area, concentrations of PAHs in PSDs were substituted for fish tissue concentrations. PSD measured PAH concentrations captured the magnitude, range and variability of PAH concentrations reported for fish/shellfish from Portland Harbor. Using PSD results in place of fish data revealed an unacceptable risk level for cancer in all seasons but no unacceptable risk for non-cancer endpoints. Estimated cancer risk varied by several orders of magnitude based on season and location. Sites near coal tar contamination demonstrated the highest risk, particularly during the dry season and remediation activities. Incorporating PSD data into Public Health Assessments provides specific spatial and temporal contaminant exposure information that can assist public health professionals in evaluating human health risks.     

Contrasting effects of black carbon amendments on PAH bioaccumulation by Chironomus plumosus larvae in two distinct sediments: role of water absorption and particle ingestion

Two sediment matrices with different characteristics were amended with chars from different sources for bioaccumulation assay with filter-feeding Chironomus plumosus larvae. Chars greatly decreased porewater concentrations of PAHs (C_iw) measured using polyethylene devices in sediments. In organic rich sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were absent, PAH concentrations in larvae (C_iB) were significantly correlated with C_iw, and there was no difference in water-based bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) between different treatments, suggesting that water absorption was the main contaminant uptake route for larvae. In organic poor sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were present, poor Pearson correlation between C_iB and C_iw was found, but there was a significant linear increase of BAF values with char contents, which indicated that ingestion of suspended char particles could also be important for PAH bioaccumulation. Therefore, we need to rethink of the effectiveness and risks for the application of black carbon to sediment/soil remediation.     

Variations in concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coals related to the coal rank and origin

The release of unburnt coal particles and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may cause adverse impacts on the environment. This study assessed variations in the concentration and composition of PAHs in a set of fifty coal samples from eleven coal basins worldwide. The maximum PAH concentrations at high volatile bituminous rank were recorded in samples from a single basin. Considering the entire sample set, the highest PAH concentrations were in fact found outside of this rank range, suggesting that the maceral composition and thus the coal’s origin also influenced PAH concentrations. The examination of the PAH compositions revealed that alkylated 2-3 ring PAHs remain dominant compounds irrespective of coal rank or origin. Multivariate analysis based on PAH and maceral content, bulk and maturity parameters allowed the recognition of seven groups with different rank and origin within the coal sample set.     

长江武汉段不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布特征

将采自长江武汉段的沉积物湿筛分成5个粒径的组分（>200 μm,200～125 μm,125～63 μm,63～25 μm,<25 μm）,分别测定其中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量.结果表明,不同粒径沉积物中PAHs组成基本相同,均以3环以上PAHs为主,但是∑PAHs浓度相差很大,范围为26.1～7 135.9　ng/g.其中,>200　μm沉积物中∑PAHs浓度最高,为7 135.9 ng/g;63～25　μm沉积物中∑PAHs浓度最低,为26.1　ng/g.占沉积物38.6%质量分数的<25　μm沉积物富集了沉积物中约75%的∑PAHs.总有机碳是影响PAHs在不同粒径沉积物中分布的主要因素,不同粒径沉积物中PAHs与总有机碳呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.此外,有机质类型、结构也是影响PAHs在不同粒径沉积物中分布的重要因素.     

曝气生物滤池处理采油废水过程中有机物的降解

在曝气生物滤池(BAF)系统中,按水力停留时间(HRT)4h,对盐度为0.5% (W/V)的采油废水进行处理,并利用GC-MS对废水中有机物的构成进行分析,结果表明:采油废水中有机污染物的主要构成是9种支链烷烃和18种直链烷烃,分布范围从正十三烷(C13H28)到正三十二烷(C32H66).由于降解中间产物的累积,出水中烷烃类物质所占比例降低,而芳香族物质比例上升.在采油废水中烷烃的存在下, PAHs中最易被微生物降解的是含有4个苯环、脂溶性强的,降解效率达98.0%;而降解效果最差的为含有二个苯环、脂溶性较差的萘,降解效率仅为66.4%.     

氯代脂肪烃构效关系的遗传神经网络模式

通过检索美国国立职业与卫生研究所化学物质毒性效应登录（RTECS）1998年版光盘系统,搜集了65种氯代脂肪烃化合物对大鼠急性毒性口服LD₅₀数据,并利用遗传神经网络建立了氯代脂肪烃分子结构与对大鼠急性毒性关系的BP神经网络模式对预报集8种氯代脂肪烃测试结果表明,所建立的网络具有较好的实用性遗传神经网络是由遗传算法和神经网络耦合而成讨论了遗传神经网络的构造以及怎样利用遗传神经网络建立构效关系（QSAR）模式     

不同溶剂对提取原煤中PAHs种类、含量与分布的影响

以淮北煤田的煤样为研究对象,选取二硫化碳（CS2）、二氯甲烷（CH2Cl2）、正己烷（C6H14）三种溶剂,采用索氏提取法对原煤中的多环芳烃进行提取．利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提取液中的多环芳烃进行定量分析,研究了不同溶剂对原煤中多环芳烃种类、含量和分布的影响,通过研究发现,C6H14的提取能力显著低于CS2和CH2Cl2,CS2容易提取低环数的PAHs,CH2Cl2更容易提取高环数的PAHs．     

焦化厂排水中微量有机污染物分析

本文采用XAD-2树脂／色谱／质谱(GC／MS)技术分析鉴定某焦化厂排水中的微量有机物。结果表明：焦化厂达标排放的废水中仍然含有芳香族及稠环类化合物如二苯乙醇酮、3,4-二氯-异氧杂萘邻酮、1,8-萘二甲酸酐,约占废水总有机碳含量的19．02％。特别是经氯氧化剂处理后生成许多卤代化合物,约占总有机碳含量的57．81％;其中包括毒性很大的二溴-氯甲烷、1-氯．1,2-二溴乙烷等,约占总有机物的7．54％。     

油污土微生态环境非生物因子与微生物活性关系

油污土微生态环境的非生物因子通过改变降解优势菌的含量及活性最终影响石油烃的生物降解速率及模式.本研究通过对我国北方部分油田和石油化工区的取样分析,揭示油污土微生态环境的非生物因子与微生物活性的关系,研究影响微生物活性和石油烃降解效率的环境及污染物等非生物因子.结果表明,我国北方油田区及石油化工区土壤受到了不同程度的石油烃污染,石油烃含量最高可达34 000mg/kg干土.柱层析分析结果表明,污染物中烷烃、芳烃等轻质组分含量超过50%,有利于微生物活性的提高.油田区土壤的pH值一般在7.8以上,不利于石油烃降解微生物生长代谢;油污土的营养水平普遍较低,如可被生物利用的速效氮含量低于30mg/kg干土,速效磷含量低于10mg/kg干土,仅占土壤总氮、总磷的5%左右,远远达不到石油烃生物降解所需的营养水平(C:N:P=100:10:1).毫无疑问,调节土壤pH值,增加对营养水平等非生物因子的调控对于提高微生物活性,加快石油烃的降解有重要的意义.     

加油站埋地罐区土壤中油气含量检测方法研究

以某加油站埋地罐区为例,针对探地雷达法验证实验的需要,建立了以手动钻孔取样,以有机溶剂二氯甲烷进行萃取,采用气相色谱法进行定量的土壤中油气含量分析方法,并对方法的线性、检出限、加标回收率等进行了研究。气相色谱分析结果表明用二氯甲烷替代四氯化碳作为土壤中油气含量测定的萃取剂,萃取结果良好;探地雷达法测得的1号罐和3号罐泄漏区域土壤中油气含量高达856.4mg/kg和772.3mg/kg,证明探底雷达法可以迅速检测到埋地罐区泄漏区域。