氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻的毒性效应

为了解拟除虫菊酯农药对海洋生态系统以及海洋初级生产力的影响,研究了氯氰菊酯对重要赤潮藻类海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)的生长及生化指标的影响.结果表明,低浓度(≤10μg·L-1)的氯氰菊酯对海洋卡盾藻生长具有明显的促进作用,而高于50μg·L-1则产生较明显的抑制效应,但暴露后期会出现一定的超补偿效应.藻细胞内叶绿素a(Chl.a)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在暴露初期变化较剧烈,24h或48h后趋于平稳.随着培养(暴露)时间的延长,低浓度暴露组以上指标均呈现先促进后恢复趋势,而高浓度暴露组则呈现先抑制后恢复趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量随培养(暴露)时间的延长呈先促进后恢复趋势且随氯氰菊酯浓度升高而明显升高.在实验设计浓度下,氯氰菊酯对SOD活性和MDA含量的最低作用剂量为10μg·L-1,而对其他生长和生化指标的最低抑制浓度为50μg·L-1,SOD和MDA可作为监测环境中氯氰菊酯污染的敏感指标.     

氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从采集的多种土壤样品中.获得了19株在3种筛选平板上均生长良好的候选氯氰菊酯降解菌.通过生理生化特性鉴定和16S rDNA序列的测定及比对.将其中的氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7鉴定为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.).同时,对氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的降解特性研究结果表明:(1)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7以5%(体积分数)的接种鼍接种到氯氰菊酯起始质量浓度为100 mg/L的氯氰菊酯乙醇培养基后,于200 r/min、30℃摇床中培养.经过6 d的培养,氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解了约60%的氯氰菊酯.(2)加人外源营养物质有利于促进氯氰菊酯的降解.其中,葡萄糖和酵母提取物的促进作用最为明显.(3)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30℃,最佳pH为6.0.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal,sublethal,and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides.In this study,the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed.Beside the acute and chronic tests,an avoidance response test was carried out.It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms.Compared with adult earthworms,the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased...     

高效氯氰菊酯在土壤中的降解动态

在实验室条件下研究了高效氯氰菊酯两个异构体在3种土壤中的降解动态,随着时间的延长,氯氰菊酯在土壤中的含量逐渐减少.在未考虑土壤中微生物的作用时,3种农药在土壤中的稳定性与土壤中的有机质含量及pH值存在一定的相关性;高效氯氰菊酯在有机质含量高、pH值高的土壤中降解较快;在土壤中的降解以微生物降解为主,化学降解为辅.高效氯氰菊酯顺式体、反式体在黑土中的降解半衰期分别为7.95,5.35d;在河南二合土中的降解半衰期分别为13.2,6.87d;在江西红壤中的降解半衰期分别为30.3,15.9d,3种土壤微生物均选择性降解高效氯氰菊酯反式体,并且在酸性土壤中表现得更为稳定.     

降解氯氰菊酯光合细菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离到一株高效氯氰菊酯农药降解菌,命名为PSB07-13。根据该菌体培养特征、菌落形态特征、活细胞光谱吸收特征、生理生化特性、光合作用内膜系统结构类型,并结合16S rRNA（Genebank Accession NO.EU366142）序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）。利用气相色谱对PSB07-13的降解能力进行了测定,结果表明：该菌培养6d后,对50mg·L-1的氯氰菊酯的降解率达到80.94%。降解特性研究结果表明：该菌在含氯氰菊酯培养基中的最适生长温度为30℃、pH为7.0及光照强度为7500lx;该菌不能以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源和能源生长;该降解菌还能较好地降解甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯等菊酯类农药。该农药残留降解菌可以用于农药厂有机废水处理及农田农药残留降解,具有一定的应用前景。     

Induction of micronuclei in tadpoles of Odontophrynus americanus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) by the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin

Cypermethrin (CY) is an active cyano pyrethroid effective against a wide range of pests encountered in agriculture and forestry. Although CY is not mutagenic in in vitro assays for gene mutation, in vivo assays showed conflicting results. In vivo genotoxicity of the synthetic pyrethroid CY in erythrocytes of Odontophrynus americanus tadpoles was examined. The frequency of micronuclei (MN) was recorded in blood smears obtained from tadpoles exposed in vivo to four different nominal concentrations 5, 10, 20 or 40?µg?L^?1 of the compound and fixed at two sampling times 48 and 96?h. As a positive control larvae were exposed to 40?mg?L^?1 of cyclophosphamide (CP). Tadpoles exposed to all CY treatments showed a significant increase in single small MN compared to the negative control group after 48?h and at 5 and 10?µg?L^?1 of CY at 96?h. Results obtained here demonstrated the genotoxic effects of the commercial formulation CY in the anuran larvae analyzed. Thus, data suggest that measurements of MN and other erythrocytes morphological aberrations performed in circulating blood samples of O. americanus tadpoles is a method for detecting cytogenetic damage in other native species.     

Protective role of L-ascorbic acid against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Wistar rats

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used for pest control in agriculture and as an acaricide in man and animals. This study was undertaken with the objective to investigate the propensity of cypermethrin to induce oxidative stress in rats following repetitive dermal exposure and its possible attenuation by L-ascorbic acid. Results obtained showed that cypermethrin significantly (p < 0.05) increased malonaldehyde levels, activity of catalase in rat erythrocytes and plasma protein levels. Whereas, activities of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the cypermethrin exposed rats as compared to the control. Supplementation of L-ascorbic acid in cypermethrin-exposed rats decreased lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes, total plasma protein and catalase activity significantly (p < 0.05) compared to non-cypermethrin-exposed group. However, L-ascorbic acid did not alleviate the negative effects of cypermethrin on the activities of SOD and GSH. This study revealed that the presence of L-ascorbic acid diminishes the adverse effects of cypermethrin on some oxidative stress parameters.     

氯氰菊酯暴露对龙须菜的胁迫影响

在实验室条件下研究了不同浓度氯氰菊酯胁迫下,龙须菜的生长状况及藻体生理生化指标变化情况.结果表明,龙须菜对氯氰菊酯敏感性较低,氯氰菊酯浓度低于100μg.L-1时对龙须菜生长的抑制作用不明显.在氯氰菊酯胁迫的24h内,龙须菜体内的叶绿素a、藻红蛋白、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈现出低浓度(5或10μg.L-1)促进、高浓度(10或50μg.L-1)抑制的现象.在本研究设置的氯氰菊酯浓度下(1～100μg.L-1),膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量均增加,呈现典型的剂量-反应关系,由氧自由基所引起的膜脂过氧化是氯氰菊酯对龙须菜产生毒害作用的重要原因.低浓度暴露早期SOD的激活以及蛋白质和糖类的促进作用对于抵抗氯氰菊酯的过氧化胁迫具有重要作用,但在高浓度氯氰菊酯胁迫下,SOD的失活致使氯氰菊酯对龙须菜产生明显毒性作用.