四种农药对土壤微生物的影响Ⅰ:土壤呼吸的变化

研究了不同浓度的农药氯氰菊酯,高效氯氰菊酯,多菌灵和丁硫克百威对两种土壤的呼吸强度的影响．结果表明;农药对土壤呼吸强度的影响随农药的品种而异;四种农药可刺激或抑制土壤微生物的活性,其作用随浓度增加而增大,但这种影响是非持续性影响     

Effects of lead and selected pyrethroids/piperonyl butoxide alone and in combination on Na,K‐ATPase

In vitro effects of Pb²⁺, the pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin, fenvalerate and the syner‐gist piperonyl butoxide on sodium‐potassium‐activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K‐ATPase) from dog kidney were determined. Pb²⁺ with an estimated IC50 value of 5.2 μM was found to be a potent inhibitor of Na,K‐ATPase activity, whereas Na,K‐ATPase was less sensitive to the pyrethroids tested and piperonyl butoxide. Investigation with circular dichroism (CD) spec‐troscopy showed that inhibition occurs through conformational changes of the α‐subunit of the enzyme. The kinetic characteristics of inhibition of Na,K‐ATPase with varying substrate (ATP) concentrations as well as with varying Na⁺ concentrations exhibited a competitive type of inhibition with Pb²⁺ in the μM range. With Pb²⁺ alone in the enzyme assay no conformational changes of the protein could be observed which confirmed the assumption that Pb²⁺ can bind to the Na⁺ binding site of the α‐subunit. Uncompetitive type of inhibition occurred with varied K⁺ concentrations demonstrating that this cation binding site is not affected directly by Pb²⁺.

Complete reversal of Pb²⁺ by DTT confirms that a possible target for interaction of this heavy metal ion with Na, K‐ATPase are specific SH groups.

Synergistic effects could only be determined with higher Pb²⁺ concentrations of 3, 5 and 7 μM plus piperonyl butoxide while all other combinations with this heavy metal plus organic substances where of the additive type. With CD spectroscopy also only additive effects were observed. These results demonstrate that higher concentrations of piperonyl butoxide favor the binding of Pb²⁺ to the Na⁺ binding site by conformational changes of the protein.     

氯氰菊酯对小鼠脑细胞的氧化损伤及维生素E的抗氧化作用

以昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组,包括1个阴性对照组、3个氯氰菊酯染毒组、1个维生素E组和1个高剂量氯氰菊酯加维生素E组,染毒组按10,20,40mg/kg 3个剂量水平,维生素E的剂量为100mg/kg,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量;以脑组织细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数.随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量320mg/kg时,ROS含量(841.3±100.34)、GSH含量[(12.54±1.316)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.054±0.004)有显著差异(P<0.05);染毒剂量340mg/kg时,GSH含量[(10.51±1.545)nmol/L]有显著差异(P<0.05),ROS含量(1014.3±81.67)、MDA含量[(2.849±0.218)μmol/L]和DPC系数(0.079±0.005)有极显著差异(P<0.01).高剂量染毒加维生素E组与高剂量染毒组相比较,脑组织的ROS、MDA含量和DPC系数均有下降,GSH含量上升.脑组织的ROS(719.5±74.56)、GSH[(16.52±1.985)nmol/L]和DPC系数(0.055±0.005)有显著差异(P<0.05),MDA含量[(1.662±0.265)μmol/L]有极显著差异(P<0.01).较高剂量(320mg/kg)的氯氰菊酯能造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤,维生素E有抗氧化作用.     

Toxicity persistence in runoff and soil from experimental soybean plots following insecticide applications

Persistence of toxicity in runoff water and soil was investigated in experimental soybean plots subjected to successive runoff events following pesticide application. Runoff events were produced by irrigation using a sprinkler system. The pesticides applied were cypermethrin and endosulfan, which are widely used in soy production in Argentina. Toxicity tests were performed on two abundant components of the regional fauna, the amphipod Hyalella curvispina and the fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. Runoffs from two pesticide applications were assayed at different stages of the growing season: an early application when the soil was almost bare and a late one close to harvest, when the ground was covered by vegetation and just before soy leaves fell. Toxicity to H. curvispina in runoff ceased almost one month after the early application of the two pesticides, while it persisted for over three months after the late application. Soil toxicity to H. curvispina and runoff toxicity to C. decemmaculatus followed the same pattern. Higher temperatures and solar radiation are likely to have enhanced insecticide degradation after the early application. Lower temperatures and solar radiation in combination with increased organic matter from litter probably contributed to the longer persistence of toxicity recorded after the late application, as compared with the early application. Cypermethrin caused no mortality to C. decemmaculatus after the early application, while endosulfan toxicity persisted for almost four months after the late one.     

氯氰菊酯对唐鱼肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

在实验室条件下采用静水法生物测试,研究了氯氰菊酯对唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)的急性毒性及其对肝和鳃组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,氯氰菊酯对唐鱼24、48、72、96h半致死浓度分别为27.27、15.94、10.13、6.61μg·L-1;经1、3、5μg·L-1浓度处理6、12、24、48、72h,结果显示唐鱼SOD在低浓度氯氰菊酯的胁迫下呈现明显的浓度效应关系,将唐鱼SOD作为农药等污染物的污染指标具有重要的应用前景,为安全使用农药和防止水体污染提供有益的理论参考依据。     

氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯对大鼠红细胞膜流动性的影响

关于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(简称拟菊酯)毒性作用机理的若干研究表明,拟菊酯的许多细胞效应都涉及细胞膜成分的改变。最近,Stelzer等发现不同结构的拟菊酯可不同程度地降低脂质体膜的流动性。膜脂合适的流动性是膜蛋白正常功能表现的必要条件,而膜蛋白与膜脂的相互作用可使生物膜在某些性质上不同于单纯的脂膜。 我们利用荧光探剂DPH研究了在结构上仅为有无α-氰基之差的两种拟菊酯,即氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯,对大鼠红细胞血影膜流动性的影响,并在实验的基础上就温度效应和上述影响随时间的动态变化进行了初探。     

商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的影响及其生理生化效应

研究了商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长及生理生化指标的影响,以了解除虫菊酯农药对水生态系统的影响.在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞生长受到明显抑制,氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为2.37mg/L.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,12h到达最大促进或者抑制效果,48h后趋于平稳.其中12h处理,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组的促进作用最强;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制效应.氯氰菊酯能促进藻细胞膜脂氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,且呈现出明显的剂量—效应关系,MDA含量可以作为监测氯氰菊酯污染的生物标记指标之一.研究结果表明,SOD活性抑制以及膜脂氧化是氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的重要致毒机理,但自然环境中的氯氰菊酯水平不会对淡水水体浮游藻类的生长产生抑制作用.     

Exposure of tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin

Cypermethrin and carbaryl are both used to control pests of rice paddy crops but the two insecticides have different modes of action. In some areas or climates, the breeding of frogs living in rice paddy fields and the application of the insecticides coincide. The effects of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor carbaryl and the sodium channel blocker cypermethrin, both individually and in combination, were investigated on the survival and emergence of froglets of Fejervarya limnocharis using a 3?×?3 concentration factorial design (0, 25, and 50?μg L^?1). Compared to controls, carbaryl showed no effect on survival and froglet emergence. Exposure to cypermethrin reduced the survival and froglet emergence in a concentration-dependent manner. When tadpoles were exposed to combinations of carbaryl and cypermethrin, the influence of carbaryl on survival and froglet emergence is less significant than that of cypermethrin.     

氯氰菊酯降解真菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

用富集培养的方法从农药厂污水排放口的污泥中分离筛选到3株以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源进行生长的真菌,分别命名为TS-203、TS-205和TS-306。经鉴定3株真菌分别属于土生曲霉组(Aspergillus terreus)、毛链孢属(M onilochaetes)和镰孢霉属(Fusarium)。分别测定了不同碳源、pH、培养温度及氯氰菊酯浓度对真菌生长量和降解能力的影响。结果表明,以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源且浓度为50~150 mg/L,pH 6.0~8.0,培养温度30~40℃时,真菌的生长量较大,降解效果较好。本研究对氯氰菊酯农药残留的生物修复研究和应用具有十分重要的意义,可为今后治理氯氰菊酯残留污染提供参考。     

外加营养源对氯氰菊酯降解菌GF31降解特性的影响

利用本实验室保存的一株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)GF31,考察了外加不同的碳、氮源对菌株降解氯氰菊酯特性的影响.实验结果表明:适量浓度的碳、氮源对降解有明显的刺激作用,外加碳源中葡萄糖的刺激作用最为明显,外加0.8 g/L的葡萄糖,氯氰菊酯降解率提高了13.7%;外加氮源中以蛋白胨对微生物的促进作用最突出,当外加5.0 g/L蛋白胨时,氯氰菊酯降解率从27.5%提高到70.0%;降解5 d后,氯氰菊酯的降解已基本趋于平衡.