Persistence of deltamethrin and cypermethrin on wheat and sweetclover

Abstract

Residues of cypermethrin and deltamethrin in wheat herbage and grain and deltamethrin in sweetclover herbage were determined. Cypermethrin was applied at 28 g/ha to wheat and the residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 3.74 ppm immediately after spraying to 0.20 ppm 27 days after spraying. No cypermethrin residues were detected in the grain. Deltamethrin was applied at 6 g/ha to wheat and the residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 0.70 ppm immediatly after spraying to 0.05 ppm 27 days after spraying. No deltamethrin residues were detected in the grain. Deltamethrin was applied to sweetclover at 3, 4, 5, 10, and 16 g/ha. Residues on the herbage declined exponentially from 0.10, 0.16, 0.22, 0.40 and 0.70 ppm immediatly after spraying to 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.15 and 0.18 ppm 5 days after spraying, respectively.     

氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯对大鼠红细胞膜流动性的影响

关于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(简称拟菊酯)毒性作用机理的若干研究表明,拟菊酯的许多细胞效应都涉及细胞膜成分的改变。最近,Stelzer等发现不同结构的拟菊酯可不同程度地降低脂质体膜的流动性。膜脂合适的流动性是膜蛋白正常功能表现的必要条件,而膜蛋白与膜脂的相互作用可使生物膜在某些性质上不同于单纯的脂膜。 我们利用荧光探剂DPH研究了在结构上仅为有无α-氰基之差的两种拟菊酯,即氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯,对大鼠红细胞血影膜流动性的影响,并在实验的基础上就温度效应和上述影响随时间的动态变化进行了初探。     

氯氰菊酯对小鼠肾组织的氧化损伤

以昆明小鼠为受试动物,随机分为6组,包括1个阴性对照组、3个氯氰菊酯染毒组、1个维生素E组和1个高剂量氯氰菊酯加维生素E组,染毒组按10,20,40mg/kg水平,维生素E的剂量为100mg/kg,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以肾组织匀浆测定活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的含量;以肾组织细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数.随着氯氰菊酯染毒剂量的升高,肾组织的ROS、MDA、8-OHdG含量和DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量为20mg/kg时,MDA和8-OHdG含量差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05);染毒剂量为40mg/kg时, ROS(F=3.7044)、GSH(F=3.4908)、MDA(F=3.5851)、8-OHdG含量(F=11.7934)和DPC系数(F=6.9165)差异均有统计学意义(P< 0.05, P< 0.01).病理学观察可见20,40mg/kg剂量组小鼠肾小球增生肥大,肾小管上皮细胞水肿,管腔变小.与高剂量染毒组相比较,高剂量染毒加维生素E组肾组织的ROS、MDA含量、8-OHdG含量和DPC系数均有下降,GSH含量上升(P< 0.05, P< 0.01).高剂量(320mg/kg)的氯氰菊酯能造成小鼠肾组织的氧化损伤,维生素E有抗氧化作用.     

Antioxidant role of ascorbic acid on oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure of lead and cypermethrin in erythrocytes of Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the reparative potential of ascorbic acid (AA, 100 mg/kg, orally for 28 days) in sub-acute lead (Pb, 100 ppm in drinking water for 28 days) or cypermethrin (CPM, 50 mg/kg, orally in vehicle for 28 days) poisoning alone and as binary mixture on the basis of oxidative stress parameters in erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Both Pb and CPM produced significant increase in lipid peroxidation along with elevated glutathione-S-transferase and catalase activity individually but not as a binary mixture. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly increased but glutathione levels were significantly reduced irrespective of single or co-exposure while the activity of superoxide dismutase and erythrocytic protein content were not significantly affected. Co-exposure led to a comparatively lower level of oxidative stress than that induced by Pb or CPM alone indicating an antagonistic toxicodynamic profile in rat erythrocytes. Co-administration of AA along with Pb and/or CPM significantly restored the oxidative stress parameters to normal values. Overall results indicated that co-exposure induces a lower level of oxidative stress and AA ameliorates Pb- and/or CPM-induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes.     

氯氰菊酯胁迫下鲫鱼肾脏LDH同工酶和血清GOT、SOD活性的变化

为探讨氯氰菊酯对鱼类代谢关键酶活性的影响,以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试材料,采用室内人工水族箱培养方法进行毒性实验.在急性毒性实验基础上,设置了2、5、10μg·L-13个浓度组和1个对照组进行染毒,分别测定鲫鱼肾脏乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDH)、血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性.结果表明,氯氰菊酯对鲫鱼的96h LC50为20.74μg·L-1.经不同浓度组染毒处理4d后,随着氯氰菊酯浓度的升高,鲫鱼血清GOT活性显著升高(p<0.05);SOD活性则表现为先升高后降低(p<0.05);肾脏LDH同工酶酶谱带型也发生了明显的变化,表现为LDH2、LDH3、LDH4的酶谱带染色浓、谱带较宽.以上结果表明氯氰菊酯对鲫鱼代谢关键酶的活性有一定影响,对鲫鱼的肾脏有一定损伤作用.     

环境激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响

以2 d种群增长率为指标研究了环境抗雄激素氯氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫的急性毒性;以3 d种群动态参数(种群增长率、混交率、混交雌体受精率和携卵雌体/非携卵雌体)、7 d休眠卵产量和休眠卵孵化率为指标研究了低剂量氯氰菊酯(0.001～0.316 mg.L-1)对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响;以2 d种群参数分析了在氯氰菊酯中形成休眠卵孵化后的生长性能;以3 d种群参数为指标分析了母体暴露氯氰菊酯,对其后代繁殖的影响.结果表明氯氰菊酯浓度对数与种群增长率呈直线负相关.氯氰菊酯半数效应浓度(EC50)、最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)和无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)分别为14.22、10和3.16mg.L-1;0.0316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯组7 d休眠卵产量较对照组下降了41.23%,休眠卵孵化率亦较对照组显著下降;氯氰菊酯试验组中形成的休眠卵孵化后的种群增长率和混交率显著下降;萼花臂尾轮虫母体暴露0.316 mg.L-1氯氰菊酯其后代种群增长率比对照下降了15.96%.试验表明,萼花臂尾轮虫2 d种群增长率对氯氰菊酯较不敏感;低剂量氯氰菊酯可降低休眠卵产量、休眠卵孵化率及孵化后种群增长率,从而减少萼花臂尾轮虫后代早期对种群增长的贡献.