Input–output analysis in an oil-rich economy: The case of Azerbaijan

This paper aims to provide empirical research to identify the linkages between final demand–total output, final demand–total supply, value-added ratios and prices, and also to analyze total factor productivity growth using input–output framework for 25 sectors. Studying the input–output tables for 2001 and 2006, the research estimates impact and response multipliers of non-oil sectors, as well as non-oil trading sectors. The results are important from the view of development of non-oil trading sectors and diversification of the economy in order to avoid the “resource curse”.     

Assessing the P fractionation in a tropical river-estuarine system of South India

Seasonal variations in dissolved and particulate P forms were assessed in the estuarine system of Chalakudy River, Kerala, South India – a tropical river having substantial relics of riparian vegetation. The contribution of the reactive P form extended to 84–96% compared with the residual fraction. Geographical and human activities have had effects on the phosphorus-loading capacity at various locations, which reveal pronounced variability in P distribution. Not all forms of phosphate in suspended particulate matter are likely to be released, and thus the nature of the P forms within the stock is a sensitive factor that can be utilised. Ca-bound P in suspensates increases to a highly significant level in the estuarine area, whereas Fe/Al-bound P predominates at the riverine and catchment areas during both the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Thus, calcium compounds determine the availability of P in the alkaline estuarine environment, whereas in the riverine environment, Al and Fe control P solubility. The comparatively low P load in upstream waters indicates that, under ambient situations, vegetative riparian zones can be very important P filters.     

Early postnatal ozone exposure alters rat nodose and jugular sensory neuron development

Sensory neurons originating in nodose and jugular ganglia that innervate airway epithelium (airway neurons) play a role in inflammation observed following exposure to inhaled environmental irritants such as ozone (O₃). Airway neurons can mediate airway inflammation through the release of the neuropeptide substance P (SP). While susceptibility to airway irritants is increased in early life, the developmental dynamics of afferent airway neurons are not well characterized. The hypothesis of this study was that airway neuron number might increase with increasing age, and that an acute, early postnatal O₃ exposure might increase both the number of sensory airway neurons as well as the number SP-containing airway neurons. Studies using Fischer 344 rat pups were conducted to determine if age or acute O₃ exposure might alter airway neuron number. Airway neurons in nodose and jugular ganglia were retrogradely labeled, removed, dissociated, and counted by means of a novel technique employing flow cytometry. In Study 1, neuron counts were conducted on postnatal days (PD) 6, 10, 15, 21, and 28. Numbers of total and airway neurons increased significantly between PD6 and PD10, then generally stabilized. In Study 2, animals were exposed to O₃ (2?ppm) or filtered air (FA) on PD5 and neurons were counted on PD10, 15, 21, and 28. O₃-exposed animals displayed significantly less total neurons on PD21 than FA controls. This study shows that age-related changes in neuron number occur, and that an acute, early postnatal O₃ exposure significantly alters sensory neuron development.     

苏北地区农业非点源氮磷污染对水体的影响研究

通过对连云港市农业非点源氮磷污染对水环境影响的研究,掌握了连云港市农业非点源氮磷污染情况及氮磷在土壤中的转化机制,监测分析了水环境氮磷污染现状及氮磷对水环境的影响途径,提出了控制农业非点源氮磷对水体环境污染的措施。     

Multiple-time contamination of benzo(a)pyrene in soils inhibits soil enzymatic activities

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is accumulating in soils in a low-dose cumulative manner. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of B[a]P on the extractable and available fractions of B[a]P and on soil enzymatic activity using multiple-time superimposed and one-time contamination approaches. Results showed that the contents of B[a]P rapidly decreased in the first 14?d and later decreased slowly from 14 to 56?d in both one-time and multiple-time contamination tests. The contents of B[a]P in the multiple-time contamination test were lower than those in the one-time test. Soil urease, sucrase and dehydrogenase activities were rapidly inhibited in the early stage (14?d) and stimulated during the rest of the incubation, and soil dehydrogenase activity was more sensitive to B[a]P contamination than the other enzymes. High concentrations of B[a]P in soil led to greater inhibition of enzymatic activity than that at low concentrations in the early period of culture. Soil enzyme activities were weakly inhibited in multiple-time compared with in one-time contamination tests and were lower in the subsurface layer than in the surface layer. Our results revealed that the multiple-time superimposed approach might be better than one-time contamination for evaluating B[a]P risk in soil.     

一株苯并[a]芘高效降解真菌的筛选与降解特性

从长期受多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤中分离出一株能够降解苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)的真菌,经鉴定为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)(命名为BF-1),并对其以B[a]P为唯一碳源进行反复驯化,考察了B[a]P浓度、不同重金属和培养基对其降解能力的影响.结果表明,菌株BF-1在B[a]P浓度为5mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养约6d的条件下,降解速度最快,B[a]P的降解率达68.28%.BF-1在B[a]P浓度分别为10与25mg.L-1,32℃振荡培养6d的条件下,B[a]P的降解率分别为73.29%与87.36%.Cu2+(50mg.L-1)基本不影响BF-1对B[a]P的降解率;Cd2+(100mg.L-1)、Pb2+(300mg.L-1)对BF-1降解B[a]P有一定影响,但仍表现出较高的耐受能力;而Zn2+(200mg.L-1)对BF-1有明显的抑制作用.选用含5mg.L-1B[a]P的土豆葡萄糖液体培养基,6d后B[a]P的降解率为71.31%.对比前述实验结果表明,培养基对B[a]P降解率的影响并不明显.因此,BF-1的应用价值较高.     

某城市污水处理厂A—A^2／O工艺运行影响分析

以江南地区某城市污水处理厂A—A^2／O工艺实际运行资料为背景,对污水处理厂的工艺流程、设计参数和工艺特点进行了介绍;分别从进水水量、容积负荷、进水浓度、C／N比与C／P比、同化作用的影响等5个方面对污水厂运行影响因素进行了分析。分析结果对此污水处理厂的提标改造具有重要的参考意义。     

北运河下游典型灌渠沉积物有机磷形态分布特征

采用Bowman-Cole有机磷分级修正体系,分析了北运河下游典型灌渠泗村店干渠上游至下游7个采样区柱状沉积物中有机磷的赋存形态、分布及其垂向变化特征.结果表明,干渠沉积物总磷(TP)平均含量介于654.9～1 285.4 mg.kg-1,有机磷(TOP)平均含量则为241.6～501.1 mg.kg-1,占TP的34.08%～41.86%,TOP/TP较其他区域明显偏高.垂直分布上看,不同形态有机磷变化趋势迥异,活性有机磷(LOP)随着深度的变化呈先递增后递减的趋势,中活性有机磷(MLOP)则呈逐渐减少趋势,而稳性有机磷(NOP)却变化不大.MLOP是TOP的主要存在形态(39.03%～85.72%),高于LOP(7.73%～24.13%)和NOP(10.14%～35.64%).MLOP是该区域沉积物P的重要储备,其向LOP的转化过程及其对上覆水体富营养化效应值得关注.     

Impact of fertilization on chestnut growth, N and P concentrations in runo water on degraded slope land in South China

Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake （peanut oil pressing residue）, on chestnut （Castanea mollissima Blume） growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.     

合肥城区地表灰尘氮磷形态分布及生物有效性

为了解合肥市城区地表灰尘氮磷形态分布特征及其生物有效性,在城市不同功能用地的不透水地面采集52份灰尘样品.利用化学提取方法,分析测得氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、易交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑磷(De-P)和有机磷(Or-P)等各形态氮磷及总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量.在此基础上,开展各形态氮磷的空间分布特征、相关关系及生物有效性分析.结果表明,合肥市地表灰尘中氮的主要组成为有机氮(Or-N)、磷的主要组分为无机磷(IP);各形态氮和磷的空间分布受城市土地利用类型影响较大,部分氮磷形态表现出了较为显著的相关性;在工业区、商业区、居住区、文教区、交通区和公园绿地等功能区,生物有效性氮含量分别占TN的质量分数为8.87%、9.60%、6.68%、9.37%、8.20%和8.17%,生物有效性磷含量分别占TP的质量分数为6.70%、18.19%、10.10%、9.69%、10.64%和14.03%.