Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

烤烟优质高产施肥技术研究初报

１９９７～１９９８年在广东省五华县的紫色土田进行了烤烟优质高产施肥试验。结果表明,在一定的氮磷施用量条件下,烤烟的产量、质量及产值都是随着施钾比例的提高而提高。在一定的配比下,烤烟的产量及产值在施氮 １６５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２以下均随施氮量的增加而提高;均价和优级烟率以中等氮水平（ １３５ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）的为最高。本文还提出烤烟的最佳施肥方案。     

湖滨带植物群落对挟沙水体氮、磷污染物的截留效果

利用菖蒲(Gladiolus hybridus)、菱(Vallisneria spiralis)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)及菹草(Potamogeton crispus)构建的人工湖滨带对挟沙水体氮、磷污染物的截留效果进行了研究。结果表明:人工湖滨带在截留水体悬浮泥沙颗粒物的同时可有效截留水体中的氮、磷营养物质,对防止富营养化具有积极的作用。一定的水力负荷下,滞留时间12h时,夏秋季节人工湖滨带对氮、磷的截留百分率分别为21.5%、34.8%,滞留24h时的氮、磷截留率分别为25%、31.1%。在冬春季节,滞留时间24h时,菹草对挟沙水体氮、磷的截留率分别为6.67%、10.83%,滞留时间48h时的总磷截留率为6.84%。不同水流滞留时间下人工湖滨带对挟沙水体氮磷的截留效果不同,滞留时间越长效果越明显,因此须保证一定的滞留时间才可取得较好的氮磷截流效果。人工湖滨带在截留径流氮、磷营养物的过程中,泥沙对氮、磷的吸附携带作用不容忽视。     

细胞色素P450酶催化烟草特异性亚硝胺N’-亚硝基新烟草碱和N’-亚硝基假木贼碱代谢活化的分子机制研究

烟草特异性亚硝胺N’-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)和N’-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)不仅在所有烟草制品和烟草烟雾中广泛存在,还存在于大气颗粒物中,表明这2类污染物存在不可避免的暴露风险。NAT和NAB被细胞色素P450酶代谢活化是发挥其致癌活性的重要前提,但到目前为止反应机理细节尚未被系统研究。因此,本文通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算系统揭示了NAT和NAB代谢的α-羟基化致癌路径,明确了反应的机理细节及能量关系。计算表明,P450催化的NAT和NABα-羟基化路径主要包括:(1)氢夺取反应(能垒为12.7～21.6 kcal·mol-1),形成放热但不稳定的Cα自由基中间体;(2)无能垒的羟基转移反应,形成剧烈放热的α-羟基化中间体;(3)α-羟基化中间体的自发分解反应(能垒为14.1～20.1 kcal·mol-1),产生最终有致癌潜力的重氮氢氧化代谢物。进一步比较发现,NAT 2-羟基化和6-羟基化路径都是其代谢的潜在致癌路径,而NAB的2’-羟基化路径是其主要致癌路径。此外,尽管NAT和NAB在结构上具有很大的相似性,但是后者的致癌活性可能要略高于前者。上述研究结果有助于全面理解NAT和NAB的代谢活化机制,并有助于识别潜在的生物标志物用于合理评估这2种亚硝胺污染物暴露的健康风险。     

Pteris vittata – Revisited: Uptake of As and its speciation, impact of P, role of phytochelatins and S

Pteris vittata is known to hyperaccumulate As but the mechanism is poorly understood. We found an increase of As concentration with increasing soil solution As concentrations, but P application had no impact, although plant P concentrations responded to different rates of P supply. As in fronds was dominantly (82–89%) present in the form of AsIII. In roots we detected 45% as AsIII which is higher than reported in previous studies and supports substantial As-reduction to take place in roots. We detected PC2/3GS–AsIII, PC2–GS–AsIII and (PC2)2–AsIII in increasing amounts with application of As. The total amount of PC was in the range reported previously and far too small to assign a significant role in As detoxification to PCs. The close correlation between S and As in fronds and the lack of data on sulphur uptake and metabolism indicates the need for a detailed investigation on sulphur nutritional status and As metabolism in P. vittata.     

污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P/矿物质的热交互作用对Cd迁移转化行为的影响

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用污泥实测数据模拟计算了污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P与矿物质的交互作用,重点模拟研究了Cl/S/P/矿物质交互体系对Cd迁移转化的影响.研究结果表明,污泥掺烧过程含Cl、S及P逸出气体以HCl（g）、SO2（g）及（P2O5）2（g）形式排放.污泥掺烧含有CaO-SiO2-Al2O3体系中,CaO可以抑制S以SO2（g）释放,而SiO2及Al2O3对SO2（g）逸出有促进作用,同时CaO及Al2O3可以抑制P的挥发.污泥掺烧过程中SiO2及Al2O3对Cd挥发都有一定抑制作用,但CaO及Fe2O3对Cd基本无影响;当Cl存在时,TiO2和SiO2对Cd吸附作用减弱,并使Al2O3吸附剂失效;当S存在时,可导致吸附剂对Cd中毒,而P可导致Al2O3吸附剂失效;Cl-S-P耦合体系中,单一矿物质对Cd迁移转化影响主要受Cl和S控制.SiO2+CaO+Al2O3共存体系中,Cl的存在可导致固体吸附剂SiO2和Al2O3失效;S、S+Cl、S+P、S+Cl+P的存在受控元素为S,并且可以抑制Cd的挥发;P、Cl+P的存在对Cd影响受控元素为Cl,可促进Cd挥发.     

流动注射光度法测定水中磷

水样经不同的预处理,在酸性条件下．正磷酸盐和钼酸铵反应形成磷酸钼螯合物,加入氯化亚锡还原为钼．并呈现蓝色,用流动注射仪于700nm波长处分别测定总磷、溶解性正磷酸盐和总溶解性磷。流动注射法简化了测定步骤．提高了分析速度,灵敏度高,重复性好,测定结果与国家标准方法相比,具有较高的相关性,能满足水和废水中磷的分析。     

人工富集微生物技术对太湖梅梁湾水源地氮磷的去除研究

采用2种载体(PM和ACP)进行人工富集微生物的方法,来去除太湖梅梁湾水源地水中的氮磷污染物。通过研究不同的载体密度和水力停留时间对去除效率的影响,中试结果表明:当载体密度为13.1%,停留时间为7d,源水中ρ(TN)为2.95～6.41mg·L-1,ρ(NH4 -N)为0.49～3.31mg·L-1,ρ(NO2--N)为0.07～0.51mg·L-1,ρ(TP)为0.084￣0.25mg·L-1,ρ(PO4--P)为0.005～0.059mg·L-1的条件下,人工富集微生物技术对TN,NH4 -N,NO2--N,TP,PO4--P的平均去除率最高分别达到22.68%,57.08%,88.83%,45.36%,29.58%,可见利用人工富集微生物技术能有效去除水源地中的氮磷营养盐,对富营养化水源地水体的水质有明显的改善作用。     

导数示波极谱法测定废水中微量的对硝基乙苯

研究了导数示波极谱法测定废水中微量的对硝基乙苯的方法.在0.0150mol/L乙二胺-0.0100mol/L EDTA底液中,对硝基乙苯产生一灵敏的二阶导数极谱峰,峰电位为-0.54V(Vs·SCE).对硝基乙苯浓度在1.00×10-7～7.00×10-5mol/L范围内,浓度与峰电流成线性关系.检测限为1.00×10-7mol/L.本方法可用于废水中微量对硝基乙苯的测定.     

三峡库区消落带下部区域土壤氮磷释放规律模拟实验研究

三峡库区消落带形成后其下部区域（145~155 m）由于长期处于淹没状态,其表层土壤将类似底泥状态,研究选择嘉陵江江底沉积物模拟其在好氧及厌氧淹水条件下N、P向上覆水体的释放规律。结果表明：土壤处于淹水期间,均向上覆水释放N、P,其中好氧状态下上覆水中TN以硝态氮为主,厌氧环境下上覆水中TN以氨氮形式为主;淹水前期,N、P释放速率均较快,随时间增加逐渐减缓,且在厌氧环境下TP释放能力较好氧环境强。好氧淹水中曝气量对上覆水中TN平衡浓度无显著影响,但对氨氮、硝态氮释放过程有影响,从而影响TN浓度变化;底泥状土壤落干过程对N素释放有正影响,对P素释放有负影响;在短暂的落干期间,如果进行农业利用,将增加库区水环境污染和水体富营养化的风险.