Injury severity analysis of accidents involving young male drivers in Great Britain

Introduction

Young male drivers are over-represented in traffic accidents; they were involved in 14% of fatal accidents from 1991 to 2003 while holding only 8% of all drivers licenses in the UK. In this study, a subset of the UK national road accident data from 1991 to 2003 has been analyzed. The primary aim is to determine how to best use monetary and progressive resources to understand how road safety measures will reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers in both London and Great Britain.

Method

Ordered probit models were used to identify specific accident characteristics that increase the likelihood of one of three categorical outcomes of accident severity: slight, serious, or fatal.

Results

Characteristics found to lead to a higher likelihood of serious and fatal injuries are generally similar across Great Britain and London but are different from those predicted to lead to a higher likelihood of slight injuries. Those characteristics predicted to lead to serious and fatal injuries include driving in darkness, between Friday and Sunday, on roads with a speed limit of 60 mph, on single carriageways, overtaking, skidding, hitting an object off the carriageway, and when passing the site of a previous accident. Characteristics predicted to lead to slight injuries include driving in daylight, between Monday and Thursday, on roads with a speed limit of 30 mph or less, at a roundabout, waiting to move, and when an animal is on the carriageway.

Impact on Industry

These results aid the selection of policy options that are most likely to reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers.     

水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育突变体91FS及其双亲的RAPD分析

以水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育突变体91FS及其双亲籼稻涪江2号和粳稻02428为材料进行RAPD分析.从检测过的100个引物中发现有10个引物扩增出多态性产物,表明91FS既承袭了双亲的遗传物质,又发生了新的变异,这为91FS的水稻籼粳杂种真实性提供了分子水平上的证据。     

亚急性镉暴露对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于2.5、5.0、7.5和10.0mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中14d,观察和分析黑斑蛙的精子数量、精子畸形率,测定精巢组织中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的水平和活力,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙的雄性生殖毒性及作用机理.结果表明:①镉可引起黑斑蛙精子数量减少和精子畸形率增加,且呈剂量-效应关系;②镉可引起精巢ACP、LDH酶活性的降低,且随染毒剂量的增加而降低;③镉可引起精巢组织MDA、GSH含量的升高,引起抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px活性的降低.由此推论,亚急性镉暴露对黑斑蛙精巢有明显的毒性作用,其机制与镉致黑斑蛙精巢组织标志酶活力的降低和精巢脂质过氧化作用有关.     

小麦异源细胞质遗传效应的比较研究

本文以稳定的同核异质异核杂种小麦为材料,对小麦属和山羊草属的细胞质遗传效应进行了比较研究,分析了异源细胞质遗传疚的特点,并初步筛选出了一批在小麦雄性不育性应用中以及在小麦核质杂种优势利用中有价值的细胞质材料。     

PTA wastewater molecular toxicity detected with gene chip

The purified terephthalic acid （PTA） petrochemical wastewater molecular toxicity detected by use of Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 GeneChip was conducted in this research. The toxic dose to male mice was 0.03 g/（kg, d） of PTA in the wastewater. The mice liver total RNA was isolated as the temple for synthesis of eDNA and then the cDNA as the temple for synthesis of cRNA. Hybridizing the cRNA with the target genes on the gene chip, there were 232 genes expression levels up-regulated and 74 genes down-regulated discovered obviously. The foremost 40 genes for both the highest and the lowest expression levels involved endogenetic steroid and hormone metabolism, immune system, the leukocyte activity and inflammation, detoxification in liver, reproduction and growth hormone, regulation immune factors of anti-tumor and anti-infection and cancer to the mice sampled. The data suggest the PTA wastewater contained over 5 aromatics and their toxicities integrated were much higher than the pure chemical PTA. And the pure chemical PTA toxicities data cannot be used to evaluate the toxicity of the PTA wastewater instead.     

草甘膦对雄性大鼠睾酮合成的影响

探讨草甘膦亚慢性染毒对雄性大鼠睾酮合成的影响。雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为对照组(0 mg·kg~(-1))、低剂量组(50 mg·kg~(-1))、中剂量组(200 mg·kg~(-1))和高剂量组(800 mg·kg~(-1)),连续灌胃染毒,第4、8和12周时分别处死一批动物,采集血液和脏器。放射免疫分析法检测大鼠血清中卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)、睾酮(testosterone,T)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平; HE染色法(苏木精-伊红染色法)观察睾丸病理学变化;免疫组化法检测3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)、类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(steroid synthesis of acute regulatory protein,St AR)、细胞色素P450胆固醇侧链裂解酶(cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain lyase,P450scc)和17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,17β-HSD)蛋白表达水平。随染毒剂量和时间的增加,大鼠血清FSH和T水平呈下降趋势,第12周高剂量组FSH水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),第8周和第12周高剂量组T水平明显低于对照组(P0.05),LH和E2水平各组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。组织病理学可见中、高剂量组睾丸生精小管、生精细胞、间质区结构被破坏。随草甘膦染毒剂量的增加,St AR和P450scc蛋白表达水平与对照组相比显著下降(P0.05),3β-HSD和17β-HSD蛋白表达水平在各组间无差异(P0.05)。草甘膦能降低血清T水平,抑制T合成相关蛋白St AR和P450scc的表达,干扰T的合成过程,具有雄性生殖毒性作用。     

Population frequencies of alternative male phenotypes in tree lizards: geographic variation and common-garden rearing studies

Tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) vary in throat fan (dewlap) color. Earlier, we described five dewlap types (Orange, Orange-Blue, Yellow, Yellow-Blue, and Blue), and reported that only males had blue in the dewlap and that presence or absence of a discrete blue patch was correlated with male alternative reproductive phenotypes in a central Arizona population. Here, with a modified scheme characterizing two dewlap elements, background color (orange, yellow, blue) and blue patch occurrence, we assessed: (1) sexual, annual, and geographic variation in the frequencies of dewlap elements; (2) simple habitat correlates; and (3) the effects of laboratory rearing regime on dewlap type. Within a population, frequencies of males and females expressing orange or yellow backgrounds did not differ, suggesting that control of background is similar in the sexes. Within several populations, frequencies of the dewlap elements did not differ across years (and probably generations), indicating that phenotype frequencies are relatively stable. Among five populations frequencies of background colors varied, as did frequencies of male types (blue patch present or absent). Dewlap frequencies did not correlate with habitat (boulders or mesquite trees), although few populations were sampled. In male and female offspring reared from eggs to sexual maturity in a common-garden laboratory study, background color frequencies in both sexes and blue patch frequencies in males differed among offspring from different populations. Offspring frequencies matched respective parental population frequencies. Results suggest that among-population variation in frequencies of the two dewlap elements are mediated by differences in genetics, in maternal effects, or both. Thus, differences in male behavior functionally linked to the blue patch also may be controlled by genetic or maternal effects. Received: 17 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997     

Vocal interactions in common nightingales (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luscinia megarhynchos</Emphasis>): males take it easy after pairing

Seasonal patterns of bird song have been studied intensively with a focus on individual males. However, little is known about seasonal patterns of singing during vocal interactions between males. Vocal interactions have been shown to be important in sexual selection as males may signal aspects of motivation or quality. Here, we investigated in nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) whether a male’s behaviour in vocal interactions at different stages of the breeding season is influenced by its mating status. We examined how males that differ in their subsequent mating success respond to a non-interactive, nocturnal playback presented during the period of mate attraction and subsequently during the egg-laying period. We found that mated males overlapped fewer songs and had a lower song rate during the egg-laying period compared to their responses during the mate-attraction period, whereas unpaired males did not vary in their responses between the two periods. Our results suggest that mating status is a key factor affecting singing behaviour in vocal interactions and that a time-specific singing pattern like song overlapping is used flexibly during vocal interactions. Because song overlapping is thought to be a signal of aggression in male–male vocal interactions, it seems that males vary the level of aggression in vocal interactions according to their mating status and to the stage in the breeding season.     

Study on the cytoplasmic incompatibility in some natural population of Culex pipiens complex in China and Japan

The cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Culex pipiens complex from China and Japan was studied. The results of the crossing experiments between 11 different strains suggest that some Japanese strains might be possible to be used for control Chinese strains by using male sterile technique, and the heavy infection of wolbachiae in mosquitoes may have some relations with the cytoplasmic incompatibility in the field population of Cx. pipiens complex.     

CMS高粱保持系叶绿体基因ps1A1和ps1A2片段的克隆与序列比对

以15种包括同质异核和同核异质高粱材料的总：DNA为模板进行RAPD分析，196个随机引物中，引物Y-19扩增得到一个很有规律的差异片段SAY-192300。该片段只出现在4个保持系(B)和3个恢复系(R)中，而不出现在6个不育系(A)和2个杂种F1中，进一步对cms—Al、cms—A2两套8个材料(A／B／R／F1)的总DNA、mtDNA和cpDNA用引物Y-19进行扩增，发现片段SAY-192300仅在cpDNA得到，Southern杂交结果证实了片段SAY-192300的叶绿体来源，同时也表明在cms胞质中该片段所在区未发生插入、缺失等大的结构变异,DNA序列测定结果表明，该片段为叶绿体ps1A1和ps1A2基因的部分序列。图6表2参19。