Integrating drivers influencing the detection of plant pests carried in the international cut flower trade

This paper analyses the cut flower market as an example of an invasion pathway along which species of non-indigenous plant pests can travel to reach new areas. The paper examines the probability of pest detection by assessing information on pest detection and detection effort associated with the import of cut flowers. We test the link between the probability of plant pest arrivals, as a precursor to potential invasion, and volume of traded flowers using count data regression models. The analysis is applied to the UK import of specific genera of cut flowers from Kenya between 1996 and 2004.There is a link between pest detection and the Genus of cut flower imported. Hence, pest detection efforts should focus on identifying and targeting those imported plants with a high risk of carrying pest species. For most of the plants studied, efforts allocated to inspection have a significant influence on the probability of pest detection. However, by better targeting inspection efforts, it is shown that plant inspection effort could be reduced without increasing the risk of pest entry. Similarly, for most of the plants analysed, an increase in volume traded will not necessarily lead to an increase in the number of pests entering the UK. For some species, such as Carthamus and Veronica, the volume of flowers traded has a significant and positive impact on the likelihood of pest detection. We conclude that analysis at the rank of plant Genus is important both to understand the effectiveness of plant pest detection efforts and consequently to manage the risk of introduction of non-indigenous species.     

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

Experimental and modeling study of de novo formation of PCDD/PCDF on MSW fly ash

The effect of sulfur dioxide （SO2） on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） has been studied in an entrained-flow reactor （EFR） under simulated waste combustion conditions. A chlorination model based on conditional probability was employed to evaluate the homologue patterns of PCDDs and PCDFs. Results revealed that the presence of SO2 did not alter the formation pathway although SO2 suppressed PCDD/F formation. The prediction model of PCDF showed good agreement with the experimental data （R--0.95）, whereas the prediction for PCDDs did not correlate well with the experimental data. This may be explained because potential chlorination pathways play a significant role in PCDF formation, whereas PCDDs are mainly formed through condensation reactions. Furthermore, the result indicated that the steric hindrance during formation has more effects on PCDD than on PCDF due to the symmetric molecular structures of PCDDs.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.     

环境要素的环境收益、数量测算与受益归宿

为定量测算环境收益及其受益归宿,理解经济增长与环境保护的复杂耦合关系,匹配了中国工业企业数据库与环境统计数据库,用2011～2013年微观面板数据估计了企业治污成本函数,分介质、分行业加总得到了工业环境收益,采用受约束模型估计了其在企业利润、工资与税收间的分配.结果发现中国年度工业环境收益约9000亿元,是当年GDP和...     

窄长类匝道基坑开挖变形监测数据统计分析

为研究窄长类基坑开挖过程中基坑变形性状和基坑开挖对近邻的扰动,以上海市某匝道基坑开挖工程为案例,采用统计方法对该基坑围护结构、邻近地表、周边建筑变形监测数据进行分析.结果表明:相较于民建宽大类基坑,窄长类基坑开挖对于围护结构侧向位移、墙后地表沉降、邻近既有建筑倾斜大小的影响更小,而在围护结构最大侧向位移出现的位置上,二...     

基于二元特征的断面交通数据异常检测与修正

为了确保交通数据的准确性以及为后续研究提供数据质量保障。提取断面交通数据的两元特征向量速度与流量,采用多元高斯模型拟合两元特征概率密度分布,并利用matlab训练模型,对测试数据集进行异常检测;针对检测出的异常数据点,引入小时窗口,建立修正数据集。随后在各修正窗口内采用波动性处理优化的灰色马尔可夫模型,对上述异常点进行修正。以汕昆高速K2077断面为例,对其采集数据进行模拟计算及分析,结果表明:多元高斯模型对断面交通数据的二元特征拟合效果良好,异常检测作用突出;引入修正窗口简化了数据修正的运算过程,避免了大量历史数据冗余使用;波动性处理优化弥补了灰色马尔可夫模型针对随机性数据性能下降的缺陷,大幅提升了数据修正的准确率。     

基于偏好DEA的海上应急基地运行效率评价

为了发现和解决投入冗余和产出不足问题以提高运行效率,采用数据包络分析(DEA)方法对海上应急基地运行效率进行评价。构建以运营费用和固定投入为输入指标,以应急基地所负责海域的有效面积、救助抵达平均时间、应急出动次数、应急救助成功率为输出指标的评价指标体系,其中救助抵达平均时间为非期望输出指标。将非期望输出指标和决策者的偏好信息引入C2R和C2GS2模型,并用以评价应急基地的运行效率。实证案例表明:所评价的绝大多数的应急基地为非DEA有效,且都为规模递增和可通过增加运营费用和固定投入来提高DEA效率。     

考虑空间效应的出租车超速行为道路因素分析

为充分利用道路特征干预出租车超速行为,搜集成都市区内出租车全球定位系统(GPS)轨迹数据,识别其超速行为,并采集道路特征数据,以各道路的出租车超速频数及平均超速严重度为超速特征,应用全局莫兰指数和4类空间回归模型,分别确定超速特征及道路因素的空间自相关性和显著影响出租车超速特征的道路因素.研究结果表明:出租车超速行为和...     

桥梁结构健康监测的数据融合框架

大型桥梁结构健康监测系统需要安装大量各种类型的传感器,如何有效利用这些实时采集的信息以保障桥梁的连续安全运营是一个核心课题,而数据融合技术是解决这一问题的一个新方向。本文对近几十年来数据融合技术的发展做了全面综述,介绍了常用的数据融合模型,评析了各种常用融合算法。基于对健康监测系统的细致分析,在前人工作基础上,提出了桥梁结构健康监测的数据融合框架,对框架内的各个功能模块进行了功能定位,并给出了相应阶段适宜的融合算法。