An intelligent disaster decision support system for increasing the sustainability of transport networks

The increase in extreme weather events arising from climate change is posing serious threats to the sustainability of transport systems, creating the need for improved tools for decision support for more effectively managing natural disasters. There are numerous transport‐related decisions that are required during the response, recovery and preparedness stages of the disaster management cycle. This paper describes the development and application of the Intelligent Disaster Decision Support System (IDDSS), which provides a platform for integrating a vast range of road network, traffic, geographic, economic and meteorological data, as well as dynamic disaster and transport models. Initial applications to the response and planning for floods and fires are presented to illustrate some of its capabilities. The IDDSS can be used to improve disaster management, which in turn will increase the sustainability of transport networks.     

Concept for cost effective improvement of river morphology in the context of the European Water Framework Directive

The EU Water Framework Directive calls for cost effective measures to achieve a “good status” in all European ground, surface and coastal waters. Besides eutrophication, the degradation of hydromorphology is the main reason for failing this objective. In this paper, we conceptualise the interactive decision support process BASINFORM-M for finding proper locations for river restoration. The concept combines the recently proposed “stepping stone approach” from aquatic ecology with elements from cost effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis and participatory approaches. BASINFORM-M exemplifies a shift away from the isolated restoration of single river reaches towards a consideration of functional relationships within river networks.     

How structural mitigation shapes risk perception and affects decision‐making

This paper reviews the relationships between risk perception and structural measures in an Australian context in three respects: (i) opinions about authorities’ ability to mitigate flood risks; (ii) the role of flood experience in shaping views on risk; and (iii) perspectives on the ways in which structural measures shape decision‐making pertaining to protective action. The main finding of this analysis is that the study participants do not suffer from the ‘levee paradox'. Most take precautionary steps to guard against residual flood risk. Such actions, however, do not mean that there is a lack of trust in structural measures to reduce significant flood risk. The majority of the respondents agreed about the necessity of engineering structures to mitigate inherent flood risk. This support, though, does not extend to their management. Losses during major flooding in southeast Queensland, Australia, in 2010–11 were attributed primarily by residents to operational decisions concerning dam water releases.     

2020年全国公众防震减灾素养水平及主要特点研究

2020年中国地震局开展了全国公众防震减灾知识普及和科普满意度抽样调查,结果显示,17.1%的受访者具备防震减灾素养,与2018年中国公民科学素质调查结果相比较,公众防震减灾素养水平的区域分布有明显不一样的规律,公众防震减灾素养水平与区域经济发展水平之间没有明显的相关性,区域地震灾害程度和个人地震经历对公众防震减灾素养水平有显著的影响。防震减灾素养水平在城乡、性别、受教育水平等不同群体中的差别,和中国公民科学素质调查结果基本一致,受教育水平对防震减灾素养水平影响最大。在不同年龄群体中的差别则和中国公民科学素质调查结果不同,显示出独特的规律。在防震减灾科普工作中,需要重视公众防震减灾素养水平的这些特点,采取有针对性的措施来提升科普效率。     

喀斯特石漠化综合防治空间决策支持系统研究

为了更好地配合喀斯特石漠化的综合治理,结合地理信息系统(GIS)和决策支持系统(DSS)技术,采用Map Object开发方法,开发了喀斯特石漠化综合防治空间决策支持系统。充分利用喀斯特石漠化地区各种空间信息,建立石漠化强度现状分析、石漠化发生率计算、石漠化年变化率分析等决策分析模型以及石漠化综合防治效果监测模块。通过实际应用可知,基于空间决策支持系统(SDSS)建立空间信息系统可以很好的为喀斯特石漠化的防治提供决策分析,可以更好地监测石漠化强度的变化,有助于石漠化的治理工作。     

Risk information in decision-making: definitions,requirements and various functions

Inappropriate decisions are often regarded as causes of major accidents in the process industries. To improve the quality of decisions, it is important to make the right information available at the right time. The objective of this work is to investigate what types of risk information is needed for risk-related decisions in various decision-making processes. A framework is proposed to facilitate future research for easing information deficiency. In this paper, risk information is examined through common decision-making processes, and is identified serving to 1) detect and characterize risk-related decision problems, 2) indicate the severity and urgency of decisions, 3) state requirements and constraints of workable solutions, 4) represent attributes for comparing and evaluating solutions, and 5) act as rules to maintain safety or control risk. These usages of risk information in different decision problems imply the large diversity in information needs for decision-making. An adaptive information support is thus suggested to provide targeted risk information to specific decision-makers for effective and efficient decision-making in accident prevention in the process industries.     

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations’ motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.     

基于SEM的企业安全氛围诊断与测评研究

回顾和总结国外安全氛围诊断与测评的典型结构方程模型(SEM)。提出安全氛围需求-认知-参与模型及5因子结构,采用LISREL8.53软件对模型中的安全需求、安全认识、安全参与、安全地位、安全实施各因子及要素之间关系进行实证研究。研究发现,安全需求、安全认识、安全参与因子与企业管理层和员工对生产经营中的安全态度具有正效应;安全地位和安全实施因子,能反映企业安全管理和安全文化建设进程。     

养殖池塘生态系统中磷的收支及解磷微生物的研究进展

综述了池塘养殖系统磷的收支情况.研究发现,在池塘养殖系统中,磷输出最主要的形式为底泥沉积,养殖池塘中存在着磷的总体利用效率不高,水体中活性磷含量低的问题.而解磷微生物的应用在一定程度上可有效解决上述问题,它们能将植物难以吸收利用的磷转化为可吸收利用的形态.通过阐述解磷微生物的种类、解磷效果及解磷机制,结合养殖池塘的情况,分析了将解磷微生物应用于水产养殖中的可行性,并对今后的研究方向作出了展望.结合我国水产养殖的实际情况,筛选适应池塘养殖环境的高效解磷微生物,并将其应用于池塘养殖中,使池塘沉积物中难溶性磷转化具备相当的可行性.     

偶氮染料的光汗协同降解及其生成芳香胺的测定

以活性艳红X-3B为目标染料,选择AATCC标准人工汗液在光照条件下进行偶氮染料的降解反应.通过测定降解过程中紫外-可见吸收光谱的变化,表征了光汗协同对偶氮染料降解过程的影响.结果表明,光照与汗液对偶氮染料的降解脱色具有明显的协同作用.汗液中有机组分对偶氮染料的光汗协同降解起主要作用,但汗液中的无机盐组分对偶氮染料的降解脱色有一定的抑制作用.在相同辐照时间下,染料的降解脱色率随辐照强度的增加而增加,光强为2.68 mW/cm~2辐照240 min时,模拟水样中活性艳红X-3B的降解脱色率达35%以上.光汗协同降解反应过程中-lnA_t/A_0与t的关系符合一级动力学方程;反应的速率常数随光强的增加而增大.通过采用纤维膜保护液相微萃取和毛细管电泳联用的方法,实现了活性艳红X-3B光汗协同降解过程中生成苯胺的测定.