ESTIMATING DRAINAGE AREA ON STEEP UNIFORM SLOPES1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to derive a simple procedure for estimating the tributary drainage area that may potentially develop at the base of a uniformly graded, steep slope. Data were extracted from a nil development flume study in which 112 rills and their tributary drainage areas were documented. The tributary drainage area for each rill was correlated to the slope length and the slope gradient. The findings are considered applicable to planar, convex, and divergent slopes with lengths of up to 130 m. Field verification is needed to extend the applicability of the relation.     

EFFECT OF SYSTEM LAYOUT ON SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE COST IN FLAT IRRIGATED LAND1

ABSTRACT: The economic feasibility of large-scale subsurface drainage projects in irrigated land is affected by construction costs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different types of subsurface drainage system layout on construction costs for a 1000 ha pilot area located in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The two types of layout studied were the conventional layout currently used in Egypt and the modified layout that was developed for reducing water losses from rice fields. When compared to the conventional layout, the modified layout resulted in a reduction of 6.74 percent in construction costs (714,464 US$ versus 766,142 US$). This cost reduction is explained by the need for lesser lengths of large diameter collector pipes with the modified layout, which results from the smaller drainage area of subsurface drainage systems (average 23.7 versus 30.8 ha). We have found that the cost of subsurface drainage can be minimized by reducing the area drained by each subsurface drainage system.     

MODELING WATER BALANCE WITH THE ERHYM MODEL ON SOUTH TEXAS RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: Understanding the hydrologic processes of rangeland plant communities is essential to determine if water augmentation through shrub management is feasible. Vegetation manipulation studies are costly, difficult to accurately replicate, and often require more than 10 years to determine treatment effect on the water budget. If properly applied, hydrologic simulation models are an attractive alternative for assessing vegetation manipulation practices. The ERHYM-II model was evaluated to determine if it was capable of simulating the water balance for honey mesquite shrub clusters, grass interspaces, and bare soil in south Texas. The simulated water budget was within 2 percent of the measured evapotranspiration for the shrub clusters and grass interspaces. The model underestimated the number of runoff events and overestimated runoff volume for the grass interspace and shrub clusters. Simulated runoff was overestimated by approximately twofold for the grass interspace and threefold for the shrub clusters. Although simulated runoff was substantially overestimated, observed and simulated runoff only accounted for 3 to 6 percent of annual rainfall for the grass and shrub dominated areas, respectively. Simulated evapotranspiration was underestimated by 18 percent and soil water content was overestimated by 82 percent for the bare soil. The model underestimated evapotranspiration for the bare soil as a result of restricting evaporative losses to the first soil layer. Based on our analysis, the ERHYM-II model has the potential for simulating the annual water balance for semiarid rangeland plant communities where runoff and deep drainage are limited components of the water balance.     

CONTROL OF NATURAL BRINE SPRINGS IN BRAZOS RIVER BASIN PART II: BRINE DISPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in the Brazos River of Texas is seriously degraded by natural salt pollution. Two thousand tons/day of total dissolved solids emanate from brine springs and seeps in the Upper Brazos River drainage. Approximately 45 percent of the total salt load comes from a relatively small flow in the Dove Creek area. The companion paper demonstrates that a system of wells pumping brine at a constant rate of about 2 cfs from the near surface aquifer should eliminate the brine springs in this area. In this paper, injection into deep brine aquifers is shown to be a feasible brine disposal alternative. Four brine aquifers were determined from the literature to be possible injection zones. Accurate net aquifer thickness maps were generated in a 23 by 14 mile area centered on the Dove Creek area for three of the aquifers from an interpretation of 41 well logs. Constant injection for a project life of 100 years was simulated using the SWIFT/486 software. Modeling suggests that one well would be sufficient to inject the entire disposal volume into either the Strawn or Ellenburger Formation.     

Ⅱ824^—2综放工作面瓦斯综合治理试验研究

通过对淮北芦岭矿Ⅱ824^-2综放工作面瓦斯综合治理的试验研究，摸索出了高瓦斯综放工作面瓦斯治理的有效方法，取得了较好的瓦斯抽放和通风排放效果。     

西安北部地区强震孕育深部背景研究

本文通过对地震P波速度场、Q值分布、VP/VS分布和地质构造的研究,探讨了西安北部地区强震分布的深部背景.结果表明在该地区很可能存在深层物质上升,从而表现出地震活动与P波速度场、Q值分布和VP/VS分布的相关性.     

仿生组合工艺对污水厂尾水深度净化效果的中试研究

当前,城镇污水处理厂尾水对受纳水体的水质有着不可忽视的影响。以改善湖泊水质为目的,使用仿生组合工艺对尾水进行深度净化研究。结果表明：仿生组合工艺对尾水COD 的降解效率达到42．31％～67．95％,对COD波动具有较高的适应性;仿生组合工艺弥补了仿生填料床对NH3－N、TP的降解具有适应期的缺陷;仿生组合工艺对尾水NH3－N去除率高达89．57％～97．89％;仿生组合工艺强化了对TP的去除率,去除率为53．85％～72．41％,出水TP达到地表水III类水标准;仿生组合工艺SS去除效率达到37．50％～64％。     

粤北大宝山酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征

在粤北大宝山多金属矿槽对坑和铁龙尾矿库酸性矿山废水,选取不同p H水体的9个采样点,进行水样和底泥的稀土元素以及水样的重金属元素分析,探讨酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征以及p H值对酸性水的稀土元素含量和分布的影响。结果表明:(1)该矿山酸性矿山废水的稀土总量及轻重稀土比值较高:槽对坑水样稀土总量为115.71~1 307.68μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为7.45~13.59;铁龙水样稀土总量为6.86~2 498.83μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为6.32~10.98。稀土元素北美页岩标准化分布模式呈略为右倾的重稀土元素亏损模式,Gd为正异常,与底泥的稀土元素分布模式相似,但水样中Ce呈正异常。(2)酸性水的稀土总量明显受p H值控制,p H值越低,水样的稀土总量越高;在p H3时,水样的稀土总量显著增高,达812μg/L以上。(3)影响酸性水稀土元素地球化学行为的关键p H值为3;p H3不仅有利于稀土在水体富集,而且会使水体发生富含Ce和中稀土元素(MREE)的稀土分异作用。(4)在p H4时,水体同时富集稀土元素和Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd等重金属元素。     

Open data and stormwater systems in Los Angeles: applications for equitable green infrastructure

Urban stormwater systems traditionally used “grey” infrastructure to manage runoff. Contemporary designs now incorporate “green” infrastructure, which offers additional potential benefits such as urban amenities and health. Understanding how green and grey infrastructure investments are distributed across urban areas is important for new goals of promoting environmental justice in planning. In California, for instance, public investments increasingly require a percentage of funds to be spent in disadvantaged communities. Recent advancements in the availability of high-detail geographic data in cities can support prioritising investments to fulfil these multiple benefits. This paper analyses the distribution of stormwater infrastructure in Los Angeles (LA) County in relation to design criteria, urban structure and sociodemographic information. It demonstrates an approach for identifying projects that simultaneously address engineering needs and promote equity. Statistical analysis of high-detail sewer locations reveals geographic correlations with key local design parameters, urban characteristics and sociodemographic indicators. Watershed areas in LA County were identified that support multi-benefit projects, meeting dual criteria for infrastructure improvements and disadvantaged community status. As stormwater systems are increasingly designed for multi-benefit outcomes, new design frameworks can emphasise both performance and social equity.     

瓦斯抽采钻孔棱状钻杆排渣原理数值模拟

为分析棱状类钻杆应用于松软突出煤层钻进存在优势的原因,基于流体力学理论,建立了棱状钻杆排渣模型,采用有限元方法,应用标准κ-ε模型方程进行计算,对钻杆旋转与周边流体相互作用的流场特征进行分析.结果表明,在钻杆棱角处形成“低压高速区”,棱边处形成“高压低速区”,钻杆棱边壁面流体产生速度、压力波动差,从而在“高压低速区”钻杆壁面形成强烈的“压差涡流”现象,减少了钻屑在孔底堆积致使钻孔堵塞的概率.应用棱状钻杆在松软突出煤层中施工钻孔,钻进深度提高34.6％,钻进效率提高21.1％,钻孔达标率由9.8％提高到48.3％,试验期间,钻杆强度可靠,未出现丢钻、断钻现象.