SCIENCE AND POLICY IN INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Policy and management plans can be enhanced through effective communication between researchers and decision makers. Differences in understanding can come from differences in professional cultures. Scientists deal with facts, proof and incremental progress whereas the decision makers are often faced with perceptions, emotions and deadlines. A case study is presented illustrating the interaction between the political system and science on a water management issue. Irrigation projects in the western San Joaquin Valley of California lead to a situation requiring subsurface drainage and disposal of the drainage water. The original plan was to discharge the drainage water in the Suisun Bay east of the San Francisco Bay. Severe damage to birds associated with selenium in the water led to a reevaluation of irrigation and drainage management options. Federal and state agencies cooperated to establish a San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program (SJVDP) which was to develop plans for solving the problem. Discharge to the Bay was politically eliminated as an option for evaluation, an action criticized by a National Research Council Committee as not being scientifically based. The SJVDP published a Management Plan in 1990 which contained proposals viewed by the scientific community as not necessarily incorrect but not completely justified based on the scientific knowledge at the time. A segment of the Citizens Advisory Committee that was part of the SJVDP consisting of representatives from the interest groups viewed the Management Plan as a negotiated agreement between the environmental and agricultural interests. Presently, an Activity Plan exists, consisting of technical committees to evaluate the current technical and economic evaluation of the management options proposed in the Management Plan. This case study illustrates that factors other than scientific facts have bearing on decisions. Successful management plans must be technically sound, economically viable and socially acceptable. The scientific community needs to evaluate its role in the policy making arena and to focus research on questions of greatest value to decision makers, as well as to scientific peers.     

以北京为代表的京津冀地区城中村污水治理现状、难点分析和应用案例

通过实地调研分析以北京城市副中心为代表的京津冀地区城中村污水处理现状及技术难点,发现目前城中村污水治理进度普遍滞后于城市建设发展速度。主要问题有污水收集处理设施欠缺、污染源复杂且治理难度大。其中,面源及溢流污染已逐渐成为城中村水环境治理的主要难题。针对京津冀地区城中村污水处理现状及难点,提出了一种基于独立排水单元的雨季入河污染消减技术,并于通州区北寺庄村进行了相关示范工程应用,为城中村小微水体治理、面源及溢流污染控制提供参考。     

化学氧化后深层土壤中多环芳烃的缺氧微生物降解

土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的化学氧化与微生物联合降解备受关注,但已有的研究主要集中在化学氧化与好氧微生物联用方面,与缺氧微生物联用研究较少。通过对过氧化氢氧化后的土壤进行接种和缺氧培养,考察化学氧化后深层土壤中PAHs缺氧微生物降解的可行性。结果表明:过氧化氢氧化后,16种PAHs降解了33.3%~95.9%,但土壤中细菌数量也明显减少,细菌数量的基因拷贝数减少了3.5个数量级;缺氧培养180 d后,添加营养盐可使微生物数量明显恢复,在同时添加营养盐和电子受体(硫酸盐)时微生物数量恢复程度更高;单独添加营养盐或电子受体不能明显促进PAHs降解,同时添加营养盐和电子受体能够促进PAHs降解,且同时添加营养盐和电子受体时,接种土壤中3环和部分4环PAHs(荧蒽和芘)的降解率显著高于未接种土壤。总体上,缺氧微生物降解可使PAHs去除率在化学氧化的基础上提高15%左右。     

考虑流固耦合作用的深水桥墩地震响应分析

地震作用下,深水桥墩与周围水体的耦合振动是一个非常复杂的动力相互作用问题。本文基于非线性Mori-son方程,采用Airy波浪理论,建立了深水桥墩考虑流固耦合作用的有限元模型,应用Newmark-β法提出了求解该耦合非线性方程的算法,并用ANSYS软件和Matlab软件自编了求解程序。以某跨海大桥深水桥墩为算例,对其进行在地震作用下的非线性动力分析,并与已有计算方法进行对比。结果表明:按本文方法计算的墩顶最大位移、墩底最大剪力及墩底最大弯矩均较大,差异最大达到12.5%。因此在极端海况条件下,对深水桥墩进行地震作用下的动力分析时,建议采用本文考虑流固耦合的方法。     

堆存市政污泥深度脱水及其重金属稳定化效果研究

堆存污泥具有高含水率和潜在重金属污染特征,对堆存填埋场及周边环境可能产生潜在生态风险。以秸秆（SP）、粉煤灰（FA）、磷石膏（PG）3种固体废物材料搭配2种常用脱水剂氧化钙（CaO）、聚合氯化铝（PAC）组成联合调理剂,对堆存污泥进行脱水以及对其中重金属进行稳定化效果研究,并通过电镜-能谱探究加入调理剂后污泥的微观结构及物质构成。结果表明：添加固体废物材料的联合调理剂对污泥脱水及重金属稳定化效果显著,其中添加PG的组合最优。当CaO、PAC、PG添加量（干基比）分别为20%、25%、23%时,毛细吸水时间为42.1 s,泥饼含水率为49.00%;PG中丰富的孔隙结构及磷酸盐物质对重金属有很好的吸附和沉淀作用;微观结构分析显示,经过调理后CaSO₄或Al₂(SO₄)₃构建了污泥的骨架结构。

     

垂直气流电除尘深度提效技术研究

常规电除尘存在细颗粒粉尘难荷电、反电晕、二次扬尘等技术难题,限制了除尘效率的进一步提升。针对电除尘深度提效技术进行了研究,提出进口烟箱预收尘—电场尾部二维收尘—出口烟箱防逃逸电除尘深度提效工艺,研制了垂直气流方向的“W”形和梯形网状收尘装置,显著增大了电除尘收尘面积,解决了二次扬尘问题。垂直气流电除尘深度提效技术在630 MW燃煤机组工程应用结果表明：在保持电除尘外形尺寸、电场数量不变的情况下,出口烟尘浓度可控制在10 mg/m³以下;电除尘出口烟尘浓度由改造前的14.4 mg/m³降至6.5 mg/m³,提效幅度高达54.9%,与低低温电除尘技术提效幅度相当,可实现烟尘超低排放。

     

旱地深层土壤厌氧氨氧化菌及全细菌群落结构对加水培养的响应变化

为研究旱地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌及相伴随的全细菌的群落结构对水分增加的响应变化,选取西澳大陆Kalgoorlie地区60 m深的典型旱地土壤,采集淀积层和母质层土壤样品,加入纯水或3.5%的盐水进行密闭培养.针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzsB基因及细菌16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序.结果显示:初始土壤并未有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,加水培养3个月之后,开始有厌氧氨氧化菌的检出,此时盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性要高于纯水培养的结果.且纯水培养中,厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构在淀积层和母质层中类似,均以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'为主(92.09%和91.94%),另有一定量的Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(7.43%和7.89%).盐水培养中,淀积层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(50.03%)和Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(40.25%),母质层主导种属为Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(71.20%);继续培养一个月后,盐水培养和纯水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性均有增加,且盐水培养中厌氧氨氧化菌群多样性依旧要高于纯水培养的结果.此时纯水培养中,淀积层依旧以Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(87.88%)为主导,母质层中Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'增长明显,达到50.90%,取代Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(39. 92%)成为主导种属.盐水培养中,Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida'(45. 19%)与Candidatus ‘Brocadia anammoxidans'(47.99%)共同主导淀积层厌氧氨氧化菌群,母质层中Candidatus ‘Brocadia fulgida'增至73. 14%,取代Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'(13.65%)成为主导种属.另外,相伴随的母质层土壤全细菌群落结构在培养过程中相对比较稳定,以厌氧或兼性厌氧的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占绝对主导(81.84%～95.45%),其中大部分为海洋营生的盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)和希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae).同时厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)在培养过程中出现较明显增长.培养过程中,Candidatus ‘Jettenia sp.'与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度变化显著正相关(r=0.991,p=0.009),与海洋营生的希瓦氏菌科(Shewanellaceae)的相对丰度变化显著负相关(r=-0.971,p=0.029).综上,本文在一定程度上揭示了水分及盐度的变化对厌氧氨氧化的发生及菌群组成分布的重要影响,进一步拓展了对不同生境中厌氧氨氧化菌生理特性的认识.     

西安北部地区强震孕育深部背景研究

本文通过对地震P波速度场、Q值分布、VP/VS分布和地质构造的研究,探讨了西安北部地区强震分布的深部背景.结果表明在该地区很可能存在深层物质上升,从而表现出地震活动与P波速度场、Q值分布和VP/VS分布的相关性.     

粤北大宝山酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征

在粤北大宝山多金属矿槽对坑和铁龙尾矿库酸性矿山废水,选取不同p H水体的9个采样点,进行水样和底泥的稀土元素以及水样的重金属元素分析,探讨酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征以及p H值对酸性水的稀土元素含量和分布的影响。结果表明:(1)该矿山酸性矿山废水的稀土总量及轻重稀土比值较高:槽对坑水样稀土总量为115.71~1 307.68μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为7.45~13.59;铁龙水样稀土总量为6.86~2 498.83μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为6.32~10.98。稀土元素北美页岩标准化分布模式呈略为右倾的重稀土元素亏损模式,Gd为正异常,与底泥的稀土元素分布模式相似,但水样中Ce呈正异常。(2)酸性水的稀土总量明显受p H值控制,p H值越低,水样的稀土总量越高;在p H3时,水样的稀土总量显著增高,达812μg/L以上。(3)影响酸性水稀土元素地球化学行为的关键p H值为3;p H3不仅有利于稀土在水体富集,而且会使水体发生富含Ce和中稀土元素(MREE)的稀土分异作用。(4)在p H4时,水体同时富集稀土元素和Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd等重金属元素。     

Open data and stormwater systems in Los Angeles: applications for equitable green infrastructure

Urban stormwater systems traditionally used “grey” infrastructure to manage runoff. Contemporary designs now incorporate “green” infrastructure, which offers additional potential benefits such as urban amenities and health. Understanding how green and grey infrastructure investments are distributed across urban areas is important for new goals of promoting environmental justice in planning. In California, for instance, public investments increasingly require a percentage of funds to be spent in disadvantaged communities. Recent advancements in the availability of high-detail geographic data in cities can support prioritising investments to fulfil these multiple benefits. This paper analyses the distribution of stormwater infrastructure in Los Angeles (LA) County in relation to design criteria, urban structure and sociodemographic information. It demonstrates an approach for identifying projects that simultaneously address engineering needs and promote equity. Statistical analysis of high-detail sewer locations reveals geographic correlations with key local design parameters, urban characteristics and sociodemographic indicators. Watershed areas in LA County were identified that support multi-benefit projects, meeting dual criteria for infrastructure improvements and disadvantaged community status. As stormwater systems are increasingly designed for multi-benefit outcomes, new design frameworks can emphasise both performance and social equity.