竖井排灌工程对环境影响的研究

新疆阿克苏地区乌什县依麻木竖井排灌工程是根据国务院批准的<塔里木河近期综合规划报告>、<阿克苏河流域灌区节水改造工程五年实施方案>中提出的在阿克苏河流域内新建的竖井排灌工程项目.项目的实施必将给乌什县秋格尔灌区的环境带来一定程度的影响.在系统地分析了项目区环境现状的基础上,从项目施工、水资源利用、地下水水位、灌区土壤盐渍化、社会环境等方面详细研究了工程实施后对灌区环境的影响.分析认为:竖井排灌工程不会对灌区的环境造成大的影响;不会影响灌区地下水资源的利用,相反还朝有利的方向发展;不会导致灌区地下水位的持续下降,更不会造成地下水资源的枯竭;工程的实施可以改善灌区内的土壤盐渍化问题.竖井排灌工程产生的灌溉效益达545.22×104元.最后为灌区的可持续发展提出了建议.      

开沟主动排水对环保疏浚堆场底泥干化的影响

针对无锡太湖五里湖地区降雨量较大,环保疏浚堆场底泥粘性强,渗透系数小,自然干化过程缓慢的特性,采用从局部到整体,由浅入深,分期分阶段,表面渐进开沟主动排水的方法,并对开沟后不同情况下堆场干化过程进行研究,分析不同沟渠系统对堆场底泥干化的影响.结果表明,表面渐进开沟主动排水能够有效地排出堆场内部积水及降雨.通过比较开沟间距为5,10,20和40 m的表面底泥干化效果发现,在堆场表面下20cm处,开沟间距越小,底泥干化效果越好;在50 cm深处,因为检测深度和沟底平面相近,底泥干化效果不是很明显.通过经济性分析比较可以得出,开沟间距为20～40 m干化效果较好,每m3原状土的施工费用为0.36元,工程费用较低.      

利用多边横向钻孔进行矿井瓦斯抽放研究

本文简介了利用多边横向钻孔进行矿井瓦斯预先抽放的原理和方法,并重点介绍了纵向抽放钻孔的“欠平衡”钻进技术和采用定向钻进多边“叶状”水平钻孔增加煤层透气性、提高瓦斯抽放效率的优点。     

西南地区夏季云量与降水的关系特征分析

论文利用我国西南地区地面降水资料和ISCCP D2 云资料,通过SVD、合成分析等方法,分析研究了该区域夏季雨层云、高层云、深对流云与降水量、雨日的关系。结果表明：西南的贵州、重庆地区夏季的雨层云与雨日、雨量具有较好的关系,尤其是与雨日的相关系数高达0.73。除云南中、西部地区外,西南其余地区夏季高层云与雨量、雨日具有较好的关系,且相关系数与雨层云接近,反映此地区发生降水时,一般是雨层云和高层云相伴存在。夏季的深对流云也与雨量、雨日具有较好的关系,由于深对流云常产生阵性强降水,对降水量贡献较大,所以与雨量关系更为显著,其相关系数高达0.86,并且在三种降水性云系中与降水关系最好。     

Attenuation of metal species in acidic solutions using bentonite clay: implications for acid mine drainage remediation

A laboratory batch experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of selected metal species in acid mine drainage (AMD) by bentonite clay. Bentonite clay was mixed with simulated AMD at specific solid–liquid (S/L) ratios and agitated in a reciprocating shaker and adsorption of selected toxic metals assessed over time. Cation exchange capacity varied from 1140 to 1290 meq kg^?1. Contact of AMD with bentonite leads to increase in pH and a possible reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. At constant agitation time of 60 min, the pH increased with dosage of bentonite. Removal of Mn²⁺, Al ³⁺, and Fe³⁺ was observed to be greatest at 60 min of agitation. Bentonite clay exhibits high adsorption for Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ at concentration less than 300 mg L^?1, while the capacity for Mn²⁺ was observed to be lower. Adsorption capacity for SO₄^2? was low with a great percentage of the SO₄^2? remaining in solution. Adsorption capacity of bentonite with more complex formulated AMD and gold tailing leachates was low for Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, and Mn²⁺. This indicates that optimum adsorption of bentonite clay is dependent on the chemistry of the AMD and its application might be site specific.     

Effects of drainage water on plant diversity and distribution of agricultural drainage ditch beds in an arid irrigated area of Northwestern China

Agricultural drainage ditches are essential to sustaining food production in arid irrigation regions, with various sizes and drainage characteristics as important buffer ecotones in agricultural areas. Bed vegetation and water properties were investigated in 39 agricultural drainage ditches in the Lingwu District of Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area in Northwestern China. The results showed that water depth, width, and velocity generally increased with larger ditch size. Water salinity was higher in drainage ditches (>1?g/L) than in croplands, canals, and the Yellow River. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were at high levels: ～1.6 and ～0.1?mg/L, respectively. Forty plant species belonging to 19 families and 31 genera were identified, with higher plant richness and diversity found in smaller sized drainage ditches. Macrophytes dominated the bed vegetation with a mean vegetative coverage of >30% in all-sized ditches, and Phragmites australis occurred with the most frequency. Water depth and salinity were considered as the primary factors affecting the distribution of vegetation in drainage ditch beds. The study suggests that practical conservation of smaller sized drainage ditches is conducive to increasing the plant diversity of agricultural landscapes.     

多金属硫化物矿区不同品种水稻根际土壤酶活的变化

选取酸性矿山废水污灌形成的多重金属污染水稻土,采用多格层根际箱模拟水稻根际环境,研究高镉积累水稻长香谷fOryzasativaL．cv．Choukoukoku）和低镉积累水稻金农丝苗（OryzasativaL．cv．Jinnongsimiao）2个品种水稻生育中后期（分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期、蜡熟期）根际土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：高镉积累水稻比低镉积累水稻各时期根际土壤脲酶活性低,随着生育期的延长,2个品种水稻土壤脲酶活性先降低后升高（分蘖期酶活性最高）,2种水稻土壤脲酶活性均在根际s0层达到最高,但其他各层土壤脲酶活性与根系距离无显著关系。随着水稻生育期的延长,高镉积累水稻根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性先升高（在孕穗期酶活性达最高）,随后降低;低镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性则在分蘖期最高,之后逐渐降低。除分蘖期高镉积累水稻土壤酸性磷酸酶活性低于低镉积累水稻酶活性外,其他2个时期前者酸性磷酸酶酶活性均高于后者的酶活。2个品种水稻土壤过氧化氢酶活性随生育期延长不断升高,在整个生育后期,高镉吸收水稻比低镉吸收水稻各时期土壤过氧化氢酶活性高,但在蜡熟期时两者无显著差异;在各时期2种水稻过氧化氢酶活性在根系S0层达到最大,随着与水稻根系距离的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势。可见,在多重金属污染矿区,土壤酶活性明显受水稻品种、水稻生长时期和水稻根系的影响。该结果可以为研究多重金属污染矿区分析土壤酶活性与不同重金属积累程度的水稻品种作物相关关系提供数据支持,给农业生产及土壤修复提供依据。     

深部巷道围岩变形的数值模拟和模型试验

为研究煤柱宽度和煤层倾角对深部沿空巷道围岩的变形影响规律,采用数值模拟对沿空巷道煤柱宽度和煤层倾角的变化对围岩的变形影响规律进行分析,结果表明,煤柱宽度的变化对巷道围岩变形的影响十分明显。随着煤层倾角的增大,巷道围岩变形曲线呈现凹槽形状,表现出在煤层倾角中间值的巷道围岩变形值小于煤层小倾角和大倾角对应的巷道围岩变形值。然后,用模型试验验证数值模拟结果。验证结果表明,煤柱宽度和煤层倾角对应的巷道围岩变形较敏感期发生在开采深度600 m和900 m左右,开采深度在600～900 m之间时,巷道围岩变形与煤柱宽度和煤层倾角的大小基本上呈线性增长关系,而当开采深度超过900 m后,应适当加宽护巷煤柱宽度,以确保深部巷道围岩的稳定。     

Theoretical investigation on the relationship between tail roadway methane drainage and distribution of easily spontaneous combustible region in gob

In order to understand the influence of tail methane drainage pattern on easily spontaneous combustible region in gob, a theoretical qualitative analysis was performed in regards to the spontaneous combustion hazards resulting from drainage position and pressure. Subsequently, the software FLUENT was employed to quantitatively investigate the theoretical solutions by solving the mathematic model established with mass, momentum, component and energy conservation equations. The calculation results demonstrate that methane drainage from alternate exterior roadway to gob can increase the range of easily spontaneous combustible region dramatically; the oxidation zone width increases with increasing drainage pressure, especially near the drainage hole. The rate of temperature rise can accelerate obviously, original high temperature region backs towards gob depth due to enhanced air leakage. The conclusions summarize the negative influence of methane drainage on fire protection in gob and present a method of determining drainage parameters dedicated to prevent spontaneous combustion.     

Rapid regional outburst elimination technology in soft coal seam with soft roof and soft floor

In order to solve the problems in outburst elimination of coal seams with outburst potential, methods of field testing, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are employed in this study. It is found that the horizontal stress concentration surrounding coal unloading boreholes is the primary cause of the coal and gas blowouts in the process of the coal unloading and permeability improvement with high-pressure water jet. The results indicate that low borehole density and inefficient drainage are the main reasons for the occurrence of high outburst indices in the effeteness validation of regional measures to control outbursts. Based on numerical modeling results and onsite parameter testing, reasonable parameters such as borehole density are determined, and hydraulic fracturing is applied to improve coal seam permeability and relieve stress levels so as to eliminate regional outburst potential. The effect is significant in the field application, coal and gas blowout during the coal unloading period with high-pressure water jet is reduced dramatically, and the roadway development rate is increased by 48%. It is demonstrated that the gas drainage combined with the hydraulic fracturing, coal unloading with high-pressure water jet is a practical and effective technique for rapid elimination of coal and gas outburst potential in roadway development.