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961.
962.
Olanike K. Adeyemo 《The Environmentalist》2003,23(4):297-306
Throughout the world, human use of water, and bad planning have led to drier and polluted rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources with dramatic effects on the natural ecosystems. Nigeria's vast freshwater resources are among those most affected by environmental stress imposed by human population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Disposal and management of wastes in Nigeria present serious environmental problems. The usual methods of waste disposal in the country are: land filling, dumpsites, land spreads, water disposal, and incineration. Each of these methods has serious environmental implications because of their potential to pollute and contaminate underground and surface water bodies in the country. Major cities in Nigeria face serious water pollution crises, in which lack of environmental control of water-dependent activities (including domestic, agricultural, and industrial) play an important part. Fish and marine resources in the country face total collapse or extinction, due to over-fishing and destruction of marine life and natural habitats by pollution of water bodies. Unregulated and excessive use of pesticides for fishing and the deliberate disposal and dumping of toxic and hazardous wastes into water bodies are significant causes of massive fish kills and loss of aquatic life and habitats in the country. The protection of water quality and aquatic ecosystem as a vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and environment is of utmost importance to prevent further pollution and degradation of Nigeria's freshwater resources. Integrating operational measures for safeguarding adequate levels of protection of endemic habitats remains a major challenge. There is therefore a need to examine in tandem the entire range of uses to which freshwater is put, and to design services which neither squander precious resources nor fail to respect other, competing and complementary water needs.This paper attempts to provide an overview of the Nigerian freshwater resources, to assess the pollution status of inland waters, identify the sources of pollution, and infer the consequent effect on fisheries resource. Recommendations were proffered on the strategies to employ to ensure that Nigerian fishery resources are adequately managed in order to address the issue of food security. 相似文献
963.
Removal of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives from Aqueous Effluents by Fenton and Fenton-like Processes as an Alternative to Direct Biological Treatment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dionissios Mantzavinos 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2003,3(3):211-221
The removal of various phenolic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids), typically found in wastewaters of agricultural origin, from model effluents by chemical and biological means has been investigated. Chemical oxidation processes comprising hydrogen peroxide and a homogeneous or heterogeneous copper or iron catalyst were employed over a wide range of experimental conditions. Chemical oxidation is capable of removing most of the total organic carbon initially present in the effluent at relatively mild treatment conditions (i.e. reaction times up to 120 min and temperatures up to 80°C), while removal rates generally increase with increasing temperature, H2O2 and catalyst concentrations. The anaerobic degradability and toxicity of p-coumaric acid has been assessed using the biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity assay respectively. p-Coumaric acid, at concentrations below about 1 g/L, is not toxic against methanogens and slowly degrades over a period of about 35 days at 35°C. In light of this, chemical oxidation may provide a promising alternative to direct biological treatment for either the partial or complete removal of phenolic acids at reasonable treatment times; the implications for wastewater treatment are discussed. 相似文献
964.
965.
A synthetic wastewater containing phenol as sole substrate was treated in a 2.8 L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperature. The operation conditions and phenol removal efficiency were discussed, microbial population in the UASB sludge was identified based on DNA cloning, and pathway of anaerobic phenol degradation was proposed. Phenol in wastewater was degraded in an UASB reactor at loading rate up to 18 gCOD/(L·d), With a 1:1 recycle ratio, at 26(1℃, pH 7.0-7.5. An UASB reactor was able to remove 99% of phenol up to 1226 mg/L in wastewater with 24 h of hydraulic retention time(HRT). For HRT below 24 h, phenol degradation efficiency decreased with HRT, from 95.4% at 16 h to 93.8% at 12 h. It further deteriorated to 88.5% when HRT reached 8 h. When the concentration of influent phenol of the reactor was 1260 mg/L(corresponding COD 3000 mg/L), with the HRT decreasing(from 40 h to 4 h, corresponding COD loading increasing), the biomass yields tended to increase from 0.265 to 3.08 g/(L·d). While at 12 h of HRT, the biomass yield was lower. When HRT was 12 h, the methane yield was 0.308 L/(gCOD removed), which was the highest. Throughout the study, phenol was the sole organic substrate. The effluent contained only residual phenol without any detectable intermediates, such as benzoate, 4-hydrobenzoate or volatile fatty acids(VFAs). Based on DNA cloning analysis, the sludge was composed of five groups of microorganisms. Desulfotomaculum and Clostridium were likely responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, which was further degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2/CO2. Methanogens lastly converted acetate and H2/CO2 to methane. The role of epsilon-Proteobacteria was, however, unsure. 相似文献
966.
Streamwater chemistry and flow dynamics along vegetation-soil gradient in a subalpine Abies fabri forest watershed, China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Streamwater chemistry and spatial flow dynamics from a subalpine Abies fabri forest in an experimental watershed located in the east slope of Gongga Mountain were analyzed to gain insights into the gradient effect of primary community succession on the stream biogeochemical process. Results showed that high sand content (exceeding 80%) and porosity in the soil(exceeding 20% in A horizon and 35% in B horizon), as well as a thick humus layer on the soil surface, made the water exchange quickly in the Huangbengliu (HBL) watershed. Consequently, no surface runoff was observed, and the stream discharge changed rapidly with the daily precipitation. The flow trends of base ions in the stream water were influenced by the Abies fabri succession gradient. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2,- were the dominant anions in the streamwater in this region. A significant difference of Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- concentration exported between the succession stages in the watershed can be found. But they had the similar temporal change in the stream flow. Ca^2 , HCO3^- and SO4^2- showed significantly negative correlations with the daily precipitation and the stream discharge. Concentrations of Cl^- , Na^ , K^ , and Mg^2 were low in all streamwaters monitored and we observed no differences along the Abies fabri succession gradient. Low ratios of Na. (Na Ca) (range from 0.1 to 0.2) implied cations were from bedrock weathering (internal source process in the soil system) in this region. But, a variance analysis showed there were almost no differences between rainwater and streamwaters for Mg^2 , Na^ , K^ , and Cl^- concentrations. This indicated that they might be come from rainfall inputs(external source). The highly mobile capacity, rapid water exchange between precipitation and discharge, and long-term export lead to this observed pattern were suggested. 相似文献
967.
IntroductionReportedasthethirdpoleoftheearth(Zheng ,1996) ,theTibetregionisthemainbodyoftheQinghai TibetPlateau.Itcrosses 9°50′oflatitudefromsouthtonorthand2 0°30′oflongitudefromeasttowest,withavastareaof1 2millionkm2 andahighaverageelevationofover40 … 相似文献
968.
969.
研究了紫外光活化亚硫酸盐高级氧化工艺降解水中典型新污染物——卡马西平(CBZ)的效能和降解机制.探究了不同溶解氧浓度[ρ(DO)]对紫外光活化亚硫酸盐降解CBZ的影响,并在模拟自然水体环境控制初始ρ(DO)为(8.0±0.2) mg·L-1条件下,考察了不同工艺参数(亚硫酸盐投加量、反应pH)与水环境要素(碳酸氢根离子、氯离子、腐殖酸)对CBZ降解效能的影响.结果表明,紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺可在30 min内降解85.3%的CBZ,降解过程遵循拟一级动力学,动力学常数为0.055 7 min-1.并采用电子顺磁共振波谱技术、活性物质淬灭实验和竞争反应动力学实验发现,CBZ的降解主要来自紫外光活化亚硫酸盐工艺中硫酸根自由基(SO4-·)与羟基自由基(·OH)等活性物质,且降解贡献率分别为43.9%和56.1%.而且CBZ降解率随HCO3-浓度升高而降低,但Cl-浓度变化对CBZ降解率影响不大,水中存在的腐殖酸可显著抑制CBZ的降解.反应过程中硫酸盐的积累量显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)限值,且亚硫酸盐消耗速率(0.004 4 min-1)显著低于CBZ的降解速率,说明亚硫酸盐可被紫外光高效活化用于降解水中存在的CBZ. 相似文献
970.
以贵州六枝特区龙岭煤矿大巷中泥样作为厌氧型甲烷氧化菌富集源,以甲烷作为培养过程中唯一碳源,从中筛选出可以在低氧(1.99%)或无氧条件下对甲烷具有较高降解效能的菌种,并自主开发出甲烷氧化菌降解煤吸附甲烷实验分析系统。实验结果表明,在压力为1~5 MPa范围内无论是低氧或无氧状况下,甲烷压力越大越有利于其降解;稀氧条件下煤样对甲烷的吸附量相对于纯甲烷气体吸附量有所降低,然而在同等压力条件下稀氧环境中二氧化碳的增加量及甲烷的降解率都要明显大于无氧条件下,低氧状况下甲烷的最高降解率为47%,最大二氧化碳生成量可达40 cm^3。 相似文献