VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF CHILEAN TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS

The Valdivian Rainforest Ecoregion (35°–48° S) in southern South America is among the ecosystems with highest conservation priority worldwide due to its rich diversity, degree of endemism, and critical conservation status. Temperate rainforests in this vast area are essential as source of biological resources and to maintain different ecosystem services which remain largely unmeasured and unvalued. Consequently, the benefits they provide are not reflected in decision-making regarding forest management and conservation. Based on existing studies and results from ongoing research we describe selected ecosystem services and provide estimates of their economic value. Timber benefits for secondary forests expressed as net present stumpage values were US$ 3742 ha⁻¹ and US$ 3093 ha⁻¹ for sustainable forest management (SFM) and unsustainable harvesting, respectively. Timber benefits for old growth forests␣equaled US$ 4546 ha⁻¹ and US$ 5718 ha⁻¹, for SFM and unsustainable harvesting, respectively, using an 8% discount rate. Annual benefits from recreation were US$ 1.6 ha⁻¹ and US$ 6.3 ha⁻¹ for the two most important national parks located in the study area. The annual value of maintaining soil fertility was US$ 26.3 ha⁻¹ using the replacement cost of nutrient losses due to soil erosion. The annual economic value of water supply for human consumption using the production function method was US$ 235 ha⁻¹. These results provide valuable information on the kind and magnitude of values that could be relevant in decision-making concerning conservation and management of native forests in the Valdivian Rainforest Ecoregion.     

Urban Flora as a Component of the Urban Ecosystems in the Taiga Zone: An Example of Karelian Cities

Cities are areas of increased diversity of species in the taiga zone. The aboriginal fraction of Karelian flora is a stable natural system whose main characteristics are preserved in the urban flora. The adventive fraction, which is a dynamic component of the flora, has not been completely formed in the cities, as well as in eastern Fennoscandia as a whole. It has become substantially richer during the past 20–25 years. Cities of the taiga zone may serve as objects for monitoring the anthropogenic processes of flora transformation in the North.     

On the Problem of Assessing the Resistance of Planktonic Community to Adverse Influences

An experimental-analytical method for assessing the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems under conditions of anthropogenic pollution is considered. Such data are very important for estimating economic damage from accidental environmental pollution and determining the seasons in which industrial activities will be less hazardous in ecological terms. A feasible approach to this problem is based on the study of ecosystem behavior under critical conditions. Phytoplankton, being the main primary producer of organic matter in the aquatic ecosystem, is the key element providing for its stability.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 294–299.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Domnin, Korsak, Mosharov.     

海洋生态系统服务的内涵与特点

从生态系统服务的概念出发,提出了从服务产生的载体、实现的途径和最终的效应等3个方面来界定海洋生态系统服务的内涵.并在此基础上,辨析了几个在海洋生态系统服务方面容易引起的误解.由于海洋生态系统内生物种类和过程的极大多样性,海洋生态系统将支持更为丰富的生态服务.同时,海洋生态系统的服务也具有明显的异地实现性和开放性特点,而这些特点导致了对海洋生态服务的滥用和难于管理.最后,文章也简要地分析了海洋生态系统服务减弱或丧失以后对人类产生的后果,自然灾害发生频率增加和生活环境恶化.希望本文可以更好地帮助认识和理解海洋生态系统服务,并对海洋生态服务的维持和管理提供依据.     

广西铁山港海草生态区无机N的季节变化规律及其相关性分析

根据铁山港海草生态区2008年1月～2008年11月冬、春、夏、秋4个季节的调查资料,首次探讨了无机态N的季节变化规律及其相关因子的影响。结果表明:研究海区无机态N具有春夏季明显高于秋冬季的特征,其中春、夏、秋季以陆源输入影响为主,冬季以海区自身N的补充影响为主;DIN的组成变化受水温影响较明显,水温较高的春夏季主要以NO3-N为主,分别占DIN的57.91%和73.00%,秋冬季则以NH4-N为主,分别占DIN的78.23%和50.59%。相关分析显示,无机态N与环境因子之间的相关性以夏秋季出现显著性较多,春季次之,冬季最少;形态N之间的相关性,则集中体现在春夏季节NO3-N与NO2-N、NO2-N与NH4-N之间显著以上的正相关影响上,而且三种形态N同时成为DIN含量的控制因子;秋冬季节所有形态N之间均无相关性出现,只有秋季的NH4-N成为DIN含量的主控因子;但所有季节NO3-N与NH4-N之间均无相关性的出现,却从另一个角度说明,浮游植物优先吸收NH4-N并与之构成直接循环已成为海草生态区无机态N循环的最大特点。     

一种工业园区生态系统健康评价方法及其应用

采用生态系统健康理论分析工业园区生态环境问题为优化生态系统结构和完善系统功能提供科学依据,具有较强的理论意义和现实意义。构建了工业园区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,该指标体系包括了复合生态系统中社会、经济、自然3个子系统,反映了活力、组织结构、恢复力的状况。并着重采用全排列多边形图示指标评价方法,对苏州工业园区生态系统在各个规划时期的健康状况进行了定量评价,进而指出制约因子并提出相应的诊断方案。评价结果表明,苏州工业园区生态系统健康的综合指数在2002规划年为054,在2005规划年为065,在2010规划年将为078,在2020规划年将为088。     

石油长输管道工程对生态环境的影响

分析石油长输管道工程对生态环境要素,即天然植被、人工林地、牧场、农田、绿洲、土壤和野生动物的影响,并提出工程对７种生态类型损失量的计算模型。在环境保护对策方面,提出生态恢复能力的３种指标值,用以表示施工后地表生态环境恢复的程度,并以此提出降低工程损失和加快生态环境恢复的措施。     

基于生态服务价值的张掖绿洲生态安全评价

基于生态服务功能与土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)的安全评价是当前地理学和生态学研究的热点,如何将二者的研究有机地结合并对区域生态安全评价实现具有时间动态、空间可视的四维表达是方法论和认知角度的新尝试。论文在G IS技术的支持下以栅格数据和生态系统服务价值为评价基础,在采用Costanza生态系统服务价值修正值的基础上对张掖绿洲从不安全、较不安全、稳定、较安全和安全等5个级别进行了生态安全评价。结果表明,在1985—1995年,张掖绿洲生态价值损失了0.193×108元,1995—2006年损失1.933×108元,生态安全状况趋向恶化。处于稳定状态的斑块类型面积由92.91%减小到88.53%,减少的部分大多转换为较安全和不安全状态二种类型。从不同安全级别的斑块格局来看,稳定类型的平均斑块面积从1985—1995年到1995—2006年减少了905 hm2,而斑块数量却增加了349个;5个级别的斑块形状指数和连通度在整个研究时期变化趋势一致,即:形状指数越来越高,而连通度指数越来越低,说明整个张掖绿洲在安全级别类型格局上呈破碎化趋势,不同级别斑块相互交错。