Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and precipitation of the Nam Co region, central Tibet

A continuous air and precipitation sampling for carbonaceous particles was conducted in a field observatory beside Nam Co, Central Tibetan Plateau during July of 2006 through January of 2007. Organic carbon (OC) was the dominant composition of the carbonaceous particles both in the atmosphere (1660 ng/m³) and precipitation (476 ng/g) in this area, while the average elemental carbon (BC) concentrations in the atmosphere and precipitation were only 82 ng/m³ and 8 ng/g, respectively. Very high OC/BC ratio suggested local secondary organic carbon could be a dominant contribution to OC over the Nam Co region, while BC could be mainly originated from Southern Asia, as indicated by trajectory analysis and aerosol optical depth. Comparison between the BC concentrations measured in Lhasa, those at “Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P)” site on the southern slope of the Himalayas, and Nam Co suggested BC in the Nam Co region reflected a background with weak anthropogenic disturbances and the emissions from Lhasa might have little impact on the atmospheric environment here, while the pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Basin of Southern Asia could be transported to the Nam Co region by both the summer monsoon and the westerly.     

商陆和烟草对锰胁迫的抗氧化响应研究

研究植物的重金属累积能力对于植物修复和植物冶金意义重大.Mn超累积植物商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)的耐性/累积机制至今还不清楚,为了研究商陆在Mn胁迫下的抗氧化酶作用,将萌发6周的商陆和烟草幼苗分别放入1 mmol·L~(-1)或3 mmol·L~(-1)的1/2 Hoagland营养液处理4 d,实验表明商陆叶片光合速率降低幅度显著低于烟草,而烟草MDA含量和电解质渗漏量增加幅度大于商陆.如1 mmol·L~(-1) Mn处理4 d后,与对照相比,商陆和烟草的光合速率分别降低13.3%和75.5%;烟草MDA含量和电解质渗漏量分别增加347.3%和120.1%,而商陆的MDA含量和电解质渗漏量没有明显增加,表明Mn胁迫对超累积植物引起的氧化损伤明显低于非累积植物.随着Mn处理浓度的提高和时间的延长,2种植物叶片SOD和POD活性均迅速增加,其中商陆SOD活性的增加幅度大于烟草;另外,商陆CAT活性持续上升,而烟草CAT活性显著下降.如在1 mmol·L~(-1) Mn处理下,商陆SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高161.1%、 111.3%和17.5%;烟草SOD和POD提高55.5%和206.0%,而CAT下降15.6%,表明商陆的抗氧化酶,特别是CAT,能够有效地清除Mn毒产生的自由基.这些结果说明抗氧化酶的抗氧化能力是重金属累积植物商陆的Mn耐性机制之一.     

嗜热菌株AT07-1的分离鉴定及其在污泥溶解预处理厌氧发酵产氢中的应用

从湖南大学花园土壤中采集样品,用稀释涂布法分离和纯化适于污泥溶解的典型嗜热菌菌株,从中选出一株高效菌进行形态观察,并对其进行生理生化鉴定.结果表明,该菌株的革兰氏染色为阳性,呈细杆状,产芽孢,为好氧或兼性需氧细菌,最适生长温度为65℃,最适生长pH值为6.8~7.5.通过16SrDNA碱基测序和对比证实,该菌株是目前尚未报道过的一株嗜热菌,GenBank中注册命名为Bacillus thermophilic bacteria AT071(注册号:FJ231108).同时,将其纯种菌用于嗜热酶溶解（solubilization by thermophilic enzyme,S-TE）污泥稳定化处理,接种该嗜热菌可促进污泥中悬浮固体的溶解,2.5d时接种试验挥发性悬浮固体 (volatile suspended solid,VSS)溶解率达到59.41%,比不接种试验同期提高了25.58%,达到了EPA规定的污泥稳定化要求.进一步对经AT071预处理的污泥厌氧产氢效果进行研究,试验结果显示,接种处理后污泥发酵产氢效果良好,高出未接种处理（65℃热处理）污泥26.4%,发酵气体中只含有H2和CO2.     

Evaluation of ecological restoration success in mining‐degraded lands

This review article analyzes the importance of assessing the success of ecological restoration by using four indicators: assemblage of the plant and animal communities; enzyme activity; litter accumulation and decomposition; and the improvement of soil quality. These indicators can be used alone or in combinations. Even though the Society for Ecological Restoration International provided a primer containing nine attributes to use as standards for measuring ecological restoration, only three of these attributes could be easily applied due to their low costs and low time requirements. These three attributes include: diversity, vegetation structure, and ecological processes. This review article emphasizes that the criteria for the selection of the indicator species should be based upon: habitat types, abundance of species, ease of measuring, quantifying and interpreting the results, gradual enhancement with time and cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, variability of response, size, residential status, and requirements of the area. Principal component analysis was applied to calculate the reclaimed mine soil quality index (RMSQI) and the forest soil quality index (FSQI) and the RMSQI value was compared with FSQI (optimum index value of reference ecosystem) to evaluate the restoration success. Available phosphorus, exchangeable magnesium, organic carbon, clay content, field moisture, available nitrogen, electrical conductivity, and pH are identified as the most influential parameters that regulate the health of reclaimed mine soil. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity, sand, silt, clay content, field moisture, available phosphorus, and pH are the controlling properties for forest soil. The observed values of the above‐stated soil indicator properties were converted into a unitless score (0–1.00) and integrated into index calculations (RMSQI and FSQI). The contribution of each soil indicator properties on the calculated index was analyzed, which provides insight into the reason for the measured index. A higher RMSQI indicates better ecological restoration success. The calculated RMSQI was found to be 0.473 in the reclaimed dump, which is 6% lower than the reference ecosystem.     

商陆耐重金属Cd关键酶抗氧化酶的研究

研究商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)对Cd胁迫的抗氧化酶响应,对于揭示其耐Cd机制具有重要意义.商陆幼苗在200μmol/L或400 μmol/L CdCl2营养液中处理4 d,叶片活性氧自由基和MDA含量升高,膜透性增加,光合速率降低,表明Cd胁迫诱导产生氧化胁迫.随着Cd处理含量的提高和时间的...     

造纸废水中有机氯化物的酶处理技术研究进展

目前用于造纸废水有机氯化物处理的酶包括：过氧化物酶、酪氨酸酶、酚氧化酶和木质素过氧化酶等,反应机理是,先通过酶反应形成游离基,然后游离基发生化学聚合反应生成高分子化合物沉淀,影响酶处理效率的主要因素包括污染物种类和浓度,酶的种类和浓度、ｐＨ、絮凝剂和吸附剂以及污染物之间的协同效应等。     

苯酚在预活化聚酰胺膜酪氨酸酶生物传感器上的响应特性

研究苯酚在预活化聚酰胺膜酪氨酸酶生物传感器上的响应特性,适量儿茶酚的存在可加快传感器到达恒态的速度。被固定酶的量、活性及传感器的有效面积等是影响检测灵敏度的主要因素。首次采用预活化聚酰胺膜固定酪氨酸酶,并与浸蜡石墨电极组合成酪氨酸酶生物传感器,在温度２５℃电位－０．２００ＶｖｓＳＣＥ,儿茶酚浓度５×１０（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,底液０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸盐缓冲溶液ｐＨ６．５０下,采用电流法测定苯酚及水样中的酚。酶膜的制备、替换和贮存极为方便,酶膜贮存５个月未见活性下降,有良好的重现性和线性范围２×１０（－７）－１．２５×１０（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

固定化紫色非硫光合细菌降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用聚集－交联法固定化紫色非硫光合细菌用于处理活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ染液。比较紫色非硫光合细菌和固定化细胞的某些性质,２种细胞的反应最适温度均为３０－４０℃,固定化细胞的反应最适ｐＨ值范围较宽,为７．５－９．４,热稳定性较好。Ｃｕ（２＋）对２种细胞酶活力均有抑制作用;比较聚集－交联固定化细胞和海藻酸钠包埋固定化细胞的脱色能力,前者比后者酶活力较高,半衰期长,成本低,操作方法简单,易于工业化应用。     

多孔柔性载体在非流化状态下处理污水的效能

对自行研制的多孔柔性载体在非流化状态下,处理低浓度有机污水的效能及生物活性进行了试验,结果表明：污水经处理后,检测指标ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率８０％以上,ＢＯＤ５去除率９０％以上;多孔柔性载体表面附着生物活性较高,可作为良好的生物载体。