Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites

Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of  6 g/day at a plume control plane  175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long,  0.3 km wide; 17 m deep;  2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.     

局部断层场地对平面SV波的散射

借助Wolf的土层和半空间精确动力刚度矩阵及斜线荷载的格林函数,利用间接边界元法在频域内求解了局部断层场地对SV波的散射,着重分析了破碎带较窄断层两侧围岩动力响应的基本规律,以及场地动力特性对散射的影响.研究表明,破碎带断层对SV波有显著的影响,即使破碎带很窄,也可以对SV波产生很大的放大作用;层状场地的动力特性对放大作用有显著的影响.     

我国世界自然遗产地旅游业环境经济核算思路

目前,各级地方政府及旅游经营者对中国世界自然遗产地旅游价值的开发力度大,自然遗产地旅游经济发展异常繁荣,同时也带来了自然遗产地环境退化、资源破坏的严重后果。而用来衡量地区经济发展状况的传统旅游业经济核算结果仅体现旅游经济的增长与否及尺度,而忽略了旅游经济增长同时的环境、资源损耗。现借用SEEA 2000框架,结合中国国情,提出中国世界自然遗产地环境经济核算的框架,经过重新整合,突出优质而独具特色的自然环境部分的环境资产类在自然遗产地旅游业中的生产性资产地位,将原SEEA 2000中拆分核算的5大部分、10大步骤整合为4大部分、9大步骤,并对其当前可操作性进行了客观分析。并指出,虽然目前详尽执行世界自然遗产地环境经济核算有一定难度,但理清核算思路具有现实指导意义。     

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.     

Investigating habitat value to inform contaminant remediation options: case study

Habitat valuation methods were implemented to support remedial decisions for aquatic and terrestrial contaminated sites at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) on the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, TN, USA. The habitat valuation was undertaken for six contaminated sites: Contractor's Spoil Area, K-901-N Disposal Area, K-770 Scrapyard, K-1007-P1 pond, K-901 pond, and the Mitchell Branch stream. Four of these sites are within the industrial use area of ETTP and two are in the Black Oak Ridge Conservation Easement. These sites represent terrestrial and aquatic habitat for vertebrates, terrestrial habitat for plants, and aquatic habitat for benthic invertebrates. Current and potential future, no-action (no remediation) scenarios were evaluated primarily using existing information. Valuation metrics and scoring criteria were developed in a companion paper, this volume. The habitat valuation consists of extensive narratives, as well as scores for aspects of site use value, site rarity, and use value added from spatial context. Metrics for habitat value were expressed with respect to different spatial scales, depending on data availability. There was significant variation in habitat value among the six sites, among measures for different taxa at a single site, between measures of use and rarity at a single site, and among measures for particular taxa at a single site with respect to different spatial scales. Most sites had aspects of low, medium, and high habitat value. Few high scores for current use value were given. These include: wetland plant communities at all aquatic sites, Lepomid sunfish and waterbirds at 1007-P1 pond, and Lepomid sunfish and amphibians at K-901 pond. Aquatic sites create a high-value ecological corridor for waterbirds, and the Contractor's Spoil Area and possibly the K-901-N Disposal Site have areas that are part of a strong terrestrial ecological corridor. The only example of recent observations of rare species at these sites is the gray bat observed at the K-1007-P1 pond. Some aspects of habitat value are expected to improve under no-action scenarios at a few of the sites. Methods are applicable to other contaminated sites where sufficient ecological data are available for the site and region.     

杀虫剂类POPs废物及污染场地治理共同责任研究

杀虫剂类POPs废物的环境无害化处置及其污染场地的治理是我国履行POPs公约的国家行动计划(NIP)的重要内容。我国POPs废物产生的责任主体主要是历史上的企业,企业经过了很大的变革,因而产生的POPs废物及其污染场地不同于现有工业企业产生的危险废物,需要根据历史、现状以及未来发展的特点建立新的责任制度,确立治理责任,落实治理资金。从我国杀虫剂类POPs废物和污染场地的现状调研出发,分析国内外相关法律规定中责任分担制度及原则,提出建立我国杀虫剂类POPs废物及其污染场地治理的"共同责任制度",为POPs废物的环境管理提供理论支持。     

垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物研究

采用USEPATO-15方法对某垃圾填埋场填埋作业区、填埋场边界及周围敏感点大气中的挥发性有机物进行监测,研究垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物的成分特征和空间分布规律。     

典型石油化工污染场地多环芳烃土壤指导限值的获取与风险评价

尝试利用英国的污染土地暴露评价模型(CLEA模型)获取了典型石油化工污染场地中几种多环芳烃(PAHs)的土壤指导限值(SGVs),并用所得到的土壤指导限值对该场地的污染物风险进行了评价.结果表明,研究区域内萘、蒽、苯并［a］芘、苊、芴、芘的土壤指导限值分别为3.57×103,6.12×107,0.874,6.81×104,6.24×104和5.84×106　ng/g.特定场地表层土壤中萘、蒽、苊、芴、芘的实测浓度(MECs)大于其相应土壤指导限值的概率均趋于0,而苯并［a］芘的为0.225.这几种PAHs的风险从大到小依次为:苯并［a］芘萘>苊>芴>芘>蒽,说明该场地的优先控制污染物为苯并［a］芘.      

我国世界自然遗产地旅游业环境经济核算思路

目前，各级地方政府及旅游经营者对中国世界自然遗产地旅游价值的开发力度大，自然遗产地旅游经济发展异常繁荣，同时也带来了自然遗产地环境退化、资源破坏的严重后果。而用来衡量地区经济发展状况的传统旅游业经济核算结果仅体现旅游经济的增长与否及尺度，而忽略了旅游经济增长同时的环境、资源损耗。现借用SEEA 2000框架，结合中国国情，提出中国世界自然遗产地环境经济核算的框架，经过重新整合，突出优质而独具特色的自然环境部分的环境资产类在自然遗产地旅游业中的生产性资产地位，将原SEEA 2000中拆分核算的5大部分、10大步骤整合为4大部分、9大步骤，并对其当前可操作性进行了客观分析。并指出，虽然目前详尽执行世界自然遗产地环境经济核算有一定难度，但理清核算思路具有现实指导意义。     

中小城市污水处理厂设计中应注意的几个问题

针对当前中小城市污水处理厂设计中存在的厂址选择不合理、处理工艺盲目求新求变、设备选择不切合实际等问题进行探讨，结合已建成污水处理厂运行实际进行分析，提出优化厂址选择、结合当地实际选择处理工艺、根据需要选择设备等解决问题的办法。