退化羊草草原在浅耕翻处理后植物群落生物量组成动态研究

利用统计方法研究了退化羊草草原浅耕翻后17年的群落生物量组成变化规律,结果表明:浅耕翻处理后地上生物量增长与恢复年限呈单峰型曲线,且在演替的前期和中期,群落生产力与降水并没有显著的相关关系,生物量的高低主要受群落组成结构的影响。群落地上生物量组成中禾本科占主导地位,藜科、菊科和蔷薇科在恢复前期和中后期比例增加,且与禾本科有一定的负相关关系。从生活型组成来看,根茎禾草生物量占总生物量的90%以上,群落初级生产力及其年度动态与多年生根茎禾草和多年生杂类草2个功能群的地上生物量均有极显著的相关关系。就群落生物量植物水分生态类型组成来看,中旱生、旱生植物占有绝对的优势,群落地上生物量与中旱生植物、旱生植物功能群地上生物量也具有较显著的正相关关系。多样性指数在处理后的总变化趋势为开口向上的抛物线状。植物群落多样性变化主要归功于其物种的均匀性变化。同时禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科植物生物量,根茎禾草、丛生禾草、直根型杂类草的生物量与多样性指数呈显著或极显著的线性相关关系。浅耕翻对更新退化羊草草原、提高产草量、改善草质均有明显效果,从利用的角度看,浅耕翻处理后第四年即根茎禾草占优势以后可有计划地利用。     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期(前3年)植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明:沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障 固沙林措施优于塑料沙障 人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

不同放牧梯度下草甸草原土壤微生物和酶活性研究

通过小区控制放牧实验,研究呼伦贝尔草甸草原不同放牧强度下草地土壤微生物和酶活性的变化。结果表明：不同处理土壤微生物数量表现为细菌〉放线菌〉真菌。不同土层土壤微生物总数不放牧处理大于放牧处理,0～30 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量在轻牧区较高,在中牧区较低。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性轻度放牧和中度放牧高于不放牧和重度放牧。土壤微生物数量、生物量、土壤蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性均随土壤深度的增加呈递减趋势。相关分析表明,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量以及土壤酶活性相互之间密切相关,土壤微生物量N与细菌达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与真菌和放线菌呈显著相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物量C与真菌达到极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与放线菌呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量N与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤微生物量C与转化酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

Multiyear monitoring of survival following mitigation-driven translocation of a long-lived threatened reptile

Translocation is used by managers to mitigate the negative impacts of development on species. Moving individuals to a new location is challenging, and many translocation attempts have failed. Robust, posttranslocation monitoring is therefore important for evaluating effects of translocation on target species. We evaluated the efficacy of a translocation designed to mitigate the effects of a utility-scale solar energy project on the U.S. federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The species is a long-lived reptile threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss due to renewable energy development in the Mojave Desert and portions of the Colorado Desert in southern California (southwestern United States). We translocated 58 individual tortoises away from the project's construction site and intensively monitored them over 5 years (2012–2017). We monitored these individuals and tortoises located in the translocation release area (resident tortoises; n = 112) and control tortoises (n = 149) in a nearby location. We used our tortoise encounter data and known-fate survival models to estimate annual and cumulative survival. Translocated tortoises in each of 2 size classes (120–160 mm, >160 mm) did not survive at lower rates than resident and control tortoises over the study period. For models with different sets of biotic and abiotic covariates, annual and cumulative estimates of survival were always >0.87 and >0.56, respectively. Larger tortoises tended to have higher survival, but translocated tortoises were not differentially affected by the covariates used to model variation in survival. Based on these findings, our translocation design and study protocols could inform other translocation projects for desert species. Our case study highlights the benefits of combining rigorous scientific monitoring with well-designed, mitigation-driven management actions to reduce the negative effects of development on species of conservation concern.     

Long‐distance flights and high‐risk breeding by nomadic waterbirds on desert salt lakes

Understanding and conserving mobile species presents complex challenges, especially for animals in stochastic or changing environments. Nomadic waterbirds must locate temporary water in arid biomes where rainfall is highly unpredictable in space and time. To achieve this they need to travel over vast spatial scales and time arrival to exploit pulses in food resources. How they achieve this is an enduring mystery.  We investigated these challenges in the colonial‐nesting Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), a nomadic shorebird of conservation concern. Hitherto, Banded Stilts were hypothesized to have only 1–2 chances to breed during their long lifetime, when flooding rain fills desert salt lakes, triggering mass‐hatching of brine shrimp. Over 6 years, we satellite tagged 57 individuals, conducted 21 aerial surveys to detect nesting colonies on 14 Australian desert salt lakes, and analyzed 3 decades of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to quantify salt‐lake flood frequency and extent. Within days of distant inland rainfall, Banded Stilts flew 1,000–2,000 km to reach flooded salt lakes. On arrival, females laid over half their body weight in eggs. We detected nesting episodes across the species’ range at 7 times the frequency reported during the previous 80 years. Nesting colonies of thousands formed following minor floods, yet most were subsequently abandoned when the water rapidly evaporated prior to egg hatching. Satellite imagery revealed twice as many flood events sufficient for breeding‐colony initiation as recorded colonies, suggesting that nesting at remote sites has been underdetected. Individuals took risk on uncertain breeding opportunities by responding to frequent minor flood events between infrequent extensive flooding, exemplifying the extreme adaptability and trade‐offs of species exploiting unstable environments. The conservation challenges of nest predation by overabundant native gulls and anthropogenic modifications to salt lakes filling frequencies require investigation, as do the physiological and navigational mechanisms that enable such extreme strategies.     

粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能影响的实验研究

通过模拟降雨及降雨后自然条件下的土壤表面水分蒸发,研究了粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能的影响。研究结果表明,施用粉煤灰和城市污泥后的土壤饱和含水率是对照荒漠土壤的1.95倍,持水时间提高7天左右。这对于在干旱缺水的荒漠地区进行植树造林,恢复生态环境,提高有限的水资源利用率,防止荒漠化的扩大具有十分重要的理论指导意义。     

放牧对呼伦贝尔草甸草原土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响

放牧是影响草地生态系统碳循环过程的重要人类活动因素,定量研究放牧对土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)的影响,对于准确评估草地碳收支和碳平衡至关重要.本研究依托呼伦贝尔草甸草原放牧梯度试验平台,利用动态密闭气室法(Li 6400-09)测量草地不同放牧梯度下的土壤呼吸作用.结果表明,不同放牧梯度下土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化,且主要受温度因子主导,7月土壤呼吸速率达最大;2011年生长季5~9月不同放牧强度的平均土壤呼吸速率大小顺序为:G1(0.23Au·hm-2)>G0(未放牧)>G2(0.34 Au·hm-2)>G3(0.46 Au·hm-2)>G4(0.69 Au·hm-2)>G5(0.92 Au·hm-2).与不放牧相比,重度放牧(0.92 Au·hm-2)条件下Q10值减少了约10%,而轻度放牧(0.23 Au·hm-2)条件下Q10值略有升高.总体上,土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)与放牧强度显著负相关(r=0.944,P<0.05),放牧不同程度地降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.不同放牧梯度下Q10值与地上、地下生物量、土壤有机碳和土壤含水量之间存在显著的正相关线性回归关系,可以解释不同放牧梯度下Q10值71.0%~85.2%的变异性.放牧条件下Q10值发生变化本质上是生物因素和环境因子共同作用的结果.     

天然气开采压裂返排液污泥用于荒漠区植被修复的可行性

为解决中石化大牛地气田天然气开采压裂返排液污泥（采气污泥）难处理的困境,在测定采气污泥成分和运用地累积指数法（I_geo）评估其环境风险的基础上,利用三种荒漠区常见植物[沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）和苜蓿（Medicago falcata L.）],通过设计采气污泥与荒漠区土壤配比,开展天然气开采压裂返排液污泥用于荒漠区植被修复的可行性试验研究.结果表明:① 采气污泥中各污染物组分含量相对较低,w（Cr）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）分别为35.187、0.181、5.502 mg/kg,PAHs（多环芳烃类）未检出;w（OM）、w（TN）也较低,分别为1.46%、0.32%,盐分含量为1.2%.② 重金属风险评估结果显示,Cr、Cd、Pb的I_geo值分别为-0.76、-8.69和-2.20,污染风险等级为清洁;Se和Ba的I_geo值分别为0.02和0.91,有轻度环境污染风险.③ 5%采气污泥处理能使土壤最大持水量、土壤保水能力和孔隙度分别提高了74.41%、14.29%和4.35%.④ 低浓度（2.5%）采气污泥处理能使沙蒿、黑麦草和苜蓿种子发芽率分别提高7.38%、3.61%和8.20%,高浓度（>2.5%）采气污泥对种子萌发则表现为抑制作用.⑤ 根据采气污泥对沙蒿、黑麦草和苜蓿株高、根长和生物量的影响,确定采气污泥适宜施用量分别为≤ 5%、≤ 2.5%、≤ 2.5%.研究显示,采气污泥用于荒漠区植物修复是可行的,但适宜施用量较低,可采取去污染物和筛选耐性植物等技术来提高其用量.      

Dynamics of Steppe Vegetation under the Effect of Grazing by Different Farm Animals

The process of steppe pasture digression resulting from grazing by different farm animals was studied by the transect method. Sheep, cattle, and horse pastures under similar grazing loads markedly differed in the dynamics of steppe vegetation. The most critical changes in plant communities occurred in sheep pastures, whereas the state of plant communities in horse pastures was good.