机翼前缘抗鸟撞设计中的结构选型研究

目的通过仿真及试验对比六种机翼前缘构型,为机翼前缘发图选型提供参考。方法以某型飞机机翼前缘结构选型设计为例,对其抗鸟撞性能进行分析。通过对比复材蒙皮蜂窝结构、复材蒙皮蜂窝加吸能板结构以及纯金属结构等不同结构形式的质量变化及抗鸟撞吸能特性,发现纯金属结构前缘抗鸟撞性能具有优势。结果试验数据与仿真计算结果谱型一致,试验曲线应变峰值为0.0108,仿真结果应变峰值为0.0103,两者相差仅5%。结论仿真计算有效,且符合预期要求。     

C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘设计与制备

目的 C/SiC复合材料进气道前缘轻量化设计与制备。方法基于进气道气动外形和结构要求,建立波纹点阵夹芯结构的进气道前缘有限元模型,然后按照德国航空中心H2K超声速风洞试验室试验的数据进行反演,得到进气道前缘的热流密度分布,据此进行边界条件加载,在模型中考虑固体导热、表面辐射以及空腔辐射三种传热方式。采用瞬态传热算法,求解100 s下进气道前缘的温度场,为了进一步降低C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘的最高温度,设计不同的进气道前缘尖端半径,并进行优化。最后根据优化得到的波纹点阵进气道几何参数,采用PIP法制备出C/SiC复合材料点阵结构进气道前缘。结果进气道尖端半径小于0.5mm时,最高温度高于1800℃,超过C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于1.0 mm时,最高温度为1520℃,低于C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。不同进气道前缘尖端半径下,最高温度达到稳态的时间不一样,半径等于0.5 mm时,进气道前缘达到稳态的时间约为30 s左右。随着前缘尖端半径增大,最高温度达到稳态的时间增加,半径为1.0 mm时,达到稳态时间约为60 s。结论进气道前缘最高温度随着尖端半径增大明显降低,当半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。     

Edge-Related Variation in Medicinal and Other "Useful" Wild Plants of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Abstract:  Harvesting of wild plants for nontimber uses is widespread in the tropics, but its impact is usually quantified only for one or a few species at a time. Thus, forest managers are never clear about how well their efforts are protecting such plants. We quantified abundance and edge-related variation in 91 species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by communities around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, to evaluate the effect of their harvest. Forty percent of these species were harvested exclusively for medicines, 22% for weaving, and 24% for other uses. Fourteen percent were harvested for combinations of uses. Plants were surveyed around the entire periphery of the park transects that extended out 1 km into the forest interior from the edge. Analyses of edge and interior distribution were controlled for effects of topography. Individually, nine (10%) species were very rare, occurring in <0.5% of the plots searched. Of the remaining 82 species, most (50%) decreased significantly away from the park boundary, whereas 4.9% increased and 45.1% showed no pronounced edge-related distributions. Rarer species were no more likely to be less abundant near the edge than commoner species. These results suggest that most plants used for nontimber purposes in BINP are not currently being harvested unsustainably. In this respect many of the species of useful wild plants we examined resembled animals commonly hunted in tropical forests for bushmeat because they increased in abundance in disturbed habitat. Conservation action should initially aim to understand what influences distributions of very rare species. Edge-based assessments of distributions may be valuable for revealing harvest impact on species of useful wild plants commonly harvested by people living around forest islands in the tropics.     

尾矿坝稳定性精细化评价方法的研究

尾矿库安全与否关系到下游居民生命财产与矿山生产的安全,必须确保其安全运行,因此,需要实时了解和掌握尾矿坝生产期间稳定性的动态演变特性及其安全性。针对现有评价方法的不足,借鉴边坡稳定性评价中精细化评价理论,结合尾矿坝体、基底及其筑坝特点,建立了尾矿坝精细化评价方法。并结合具体工程实例将新方法的评价结果与传统分析结果进行了对比与分析, 结果表明,精细化评价方法的评价结果具有更高的可靠性与精度高的特点,更加接近稳定状态的真值,从而为尾矿坝的安全评价与设计提供了决策依据。     

基于表面活性剂的斜板洗涤器脱除憎水颗粒研究

选取十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)配制成4种单一表面活性剂洗涤液,采用新型斜板洗涤器对憎水性炭粉进行湿法除尘实验,探讨表面活性剂种类、入口含尘浓度、空塔气速和液气比(L/G)等参数对除尘效率(η)和压降(ΔP)的影响,评价斜板洗涤器的脱水性能.结果表明,新型斜板洗涤器除尘效率高,压降小,脱水性能良好;4种表面活性剂均能较大程度提高除尘效率,其中AEO-9的脱除效果最佳;当AEO-9浓度为0.07mmol/L,入口含尘浓度为5g/m3,L/G为1.0L/m3,空塔气速为2.5m/s时,除尘效率高达99.99%;入口含尘浓度对ΔP的影响较小,L/G和空塔气速对ΔP影响较明显;实验范围内出口含湿量小于11g/kg(干).     

Effects of vegetation cover, presence of a native ant species, and human disturbance on colonization by Argentine ants

The spread of non-native invasive species is affected by human activity, vegetation cover, weather, and interaction with native species. We analyzed data from a 17-year study of the distribution of the non-native Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) in a preserve in northern California (U.S.A.). We conducted logistic regressions and used model selection to determine whether the following variables were associated with changes in the distribution of each species: presence of conspecifics at neighboring sites, distance to development (e.g., roads, buildings, and landscaped areas), proportion of vegetation cover taller than 0.75 m, elevation, distance to water, presence of both species at a site, temperature, and rainfall. Argentine ants colonized unoccupied sites from neighboring sites, but the probability of appearance and persistence decreased as distance to development, vegetation cover, and elevation increased. Winter ants appeared and persisted in sites with relatively high vegetation cover (i.e., highly shaded sites). Presence of the 2 species was negatively associated in sites with high vegetation cover (more winter ants) and sites near development (more Argentine ants). Probability of colonization of Argentine ants decreased where winter ants were most persistent. At sites near development within the preserve, abundant Argentine ant populations may be excluding winter ants. The high abundance of Argentine ants at these sites may be due to immigration from suburban areas outside the preserve, which are high-quality habitat for Argentine ants. In the interior of the preserve, distance from development, low-quality habitat, and interaction with winter ants may in combination exclude Argentine ants. Interactions among the variables we examined were associated with low probabilities of Argentine ant colonization in the preserve.     

Fragmentation drives tropical forest fragments to early successional states: A modelling study for Brazilian Atlantic forests

Land use leads to massive habitat destruction and fragmentation in tropical forests. Despite its global dimensions the effects of fragmentation on ecosystem dynamics are not well understood due to the complexity of the problem. We present a simulation analysis performed by the individual-based model FORMIND. The model was applied to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world's biodiversity hot spots, at the Plateau of São Paulo. This study investigates the long-term effects of fragmentation processes on structure and dynamics of different sized remnant tropical forest fragments (1-100 ha) at community and plant functional type (PFT) level. We disentangle the interplay of single effects of different key fragmentation processes (edge mortality, increased mortality of large trees, local seed loss and external seed rain) using simulation experiments in a full factorial design.Our analysis reveals that particularly small forest fragments below 25 ha suffer substantial structural changes, biomass and biodiversity loss in the long term. At community level biomass is reduced up to 60%. Two thirds of the mid- and late-successional species groups, especially shade-tolerant (late successional climax) species groups are prone of extinction in small fragments. The shade-tolerant species groups were most strongly affected; its tree number was reduced more than 60% mainly by increased edge mortality. This process proved to be the most powerful of those investigated, explaining alone more than 80% of the changes observed for this group. External seed rain was able to compensate approximately 30% of the observed fragmentation effects for shade-tolerant species.Our results suggest that tropical forest fragments will suffer strong structural changes in the long term, leading to tree species impoverishment. They may reach a new equilibrium with a substantially reduced subset of the initial species pool, and are driven towards an earlier successional state. The natural regeneration potential of a landscape scattered with forest fragments appears to be limited, as external seed rain is not able to fully compensate for the observed fragmentation-induced changes. Our findings suggest basic recommendations for the management of fragmented tropical forest landscapes.     

热塑性复合材料高速冲击时不同失效模式对比分析研究

目的准确地对热塑性复合材料前缘结构进行抗鸟撞冲击设计。方法首先基于刚度退化、材料塑性及应变率影响的复合材料本构关系,通过霍普金森拉-压杆测试得到热塑性复合材料的动力学性能参数。基于不同的失效模式,采用PAM-CRASH显式有限元法,针对运输类飞机热塑性复合材料机翼前缘结构在高速冲击时的破坏形式进行对比分析研究。结果热塑性复合材料较其他复合材料在临界拉伸损伤极限值和纵横向及屈服应力的率相关性上具有更好的性能。冲击分析时,失效应变应考虑材料破坏瞬间的强化效应。剪切应变取值为0.1左右时,前缘结构计算仿真失效的结果与试验结果一致性较高,应变误差仅为6.2%,破坏尺寸误差为4.9%。结论在复合材料失效参数较复杂的情况下,抗冲击设计可将拉伸、压缩、剪切及层间失效等多目标优化设计简化为等效剪切应变失效的单目标优化,此方法可推广应用于其他类型复合材料的抗冲击设计。     

Energy based phenomenological model for optimizing the sheared edge in the trimming of steels

Attributes related to the dimensional quality of hot rolled steels are very important in commercial sectors that make direct use of this product, because delay or equipment damage can be avoided when forming in downstream operations. In this research, the steel sheet edge trimming process and its relationship with the defect known as broken edge is experimental and numerically studied. The type of material, horizontal clearance between knives and the energy spent during the cutting process are analyzed in detail. A metal-mechanical study is carried out for obtaining a microstructural hardness and flow stress characterization. Consequently, the edge trimming process is FEM simulated and its results in relation to knife penetration and shear stress lead to determining the energy spent during the cutting process. A mathematical model is determined under the consideration that minimum energy gives the optimum cutting conditions. The model proposes a reliable value for the horizontal clearance (H_c), between knives, taking as the principal factors: energy consumed during the edge trimming process, sheet thickness (T_h), carbon content (C) and/or its ultimate tensile strength, expressed as: H_c = α + βT_h − γC. A comparison of the recommended numerical results with the best practical conditions is carried out and a high coincidence is successfully found. This model is expected to be easily adopted as a tool where operators can adjust and control the parameters of process, and then, as a result, produce a sheet without edge trimming defects as well as a reduction in efficiency costs.