“竞争申请制”:可持续发展政策试点与央地关系重构

可持续发展目标(SDGs)的提出,开启了人类可持续发展领域最宏大的政策实验,也为开展国际视野的比较公共政策研究提供了难得机遇。执行SDGs及国家可持续发展政策需要处理好中央政府与地方政府间关系,而政策试点是协调这一关系的重要政策工具。已有文献对经济政策试点做了较充分的研究,然而对旨在实现经济、社会与环境协调的可持续发展政策试点,现有研究尚缺乏成型理论。在复杂央地关系格局下,对于需持续投入成本且成果难以界定的可持续发展政策试点,其具有怎样的不同于经济政策试点的机制?此外,众多西方学者将美国作为政策试点研究的制度基础并视其为“民主实验室”。然而,政策试点在以中国为代表的不同体制国家中同样存在,并以多样的机制发挥作用。那么,不同国家体制内的可持续发展政策试点又有哪些异同?政策试点影响下中国既有的央地关系发生了怎样的重构?对此,本文基于最典型案例原则,选取中国与美国响应SDGs分别开展的政策试点进行比较研究。笔者识别了不同体制下试点机制的异同,指出中国基于“竞争申请制”开展的可持续发展政策试点强化了中央部委与地方政府间关系,形成了地方官员的可持续发展激励,保障了政策试点的实施。     

Community-Based Environmental Management in Atlantic Canada: The Impacts and Spheres of Influence of the Atlantic Coastal Action Program

The Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP) is a unique, community-based program initiated by Environment Canada in 1991 to help Atlantic Canadians restore and sustain watersheds and adjacent coastal areas. ACAP is the eastem-most Environment Canada Ecosystem Initiative. The ACAP family is currently made up of 14 ecosystem-based organizations in the four Atlantic provinces. Each one of these non-profit organizations operates independently, but is formally linked under the umbrella of ACAP to represent a force stronger than the individual parts. In Environment Canada's experience, the program consistently demonstrates the value of a community-based approach and produces results on an ecosystem basis. This paper will examine some of the impacts of ACAP in terms of economics, credible community science, and environmental results which most often align with Environment Canada's objectives. It will explore the influences of the community-based approach to environmental management on multiple scales (local, regional, etc.). Through examples, the paper will demonstrate the effectiveness of ACAP in influencing some of the policies, programs and attitudes of various levels of government and industry in the region, as well as describe how the community-based model has been exported internationally. The paper will conclude with a discussion on a planned path forward for ACAP.     

Temperature Effect on Migration of Zn and Cd Through Natural Clay

To investigate the effect of temperature on effective diffusion coefficients and retardation factors for Zn and Cd, combined diffusion and sequential extraction analyses were conducted at 15 ^˚C and 55 ^˚C. The effective diffusion coefficients of the metals increased up to ten times according to the increased temperature. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the retardation factor depended on the retention mechanisms of the metals. The distribution coefficient for Zn, which was mainly partitioned in the carbonate phase, increased up to two times with the increase in temperature. On the other hand, the distribution coefficient for Cd, which was mainly partitioned in the exchangeable phase, was hardly affected by the temperature change. Results of combined diffusion and sequential extraction analysis showed that the effect of temperature on the heavy metals’ (Zn and Cd) migration through the compacted natural clay was influenced by the combined effects of the diffusion coefficient and the retardation factor. Additionally, we could also observe the change in retention mechanism for the metals with the change in pore water concentration.     

基于FHWA的兰州市道路交通噪声预测模型的建立

结合美国道路交通噪声污染预测模型(FHWA)和国内学者在该方面的大量研究成果,选择兰州市主、次干道共计52条、142个监测点的建模采样数据,并应用统计学原理分析了影响道路交通噪声的各个因子与道路交通噪声的相关性,最终得出了符合兰州市道路交通特征的噪声污染统计预测模型.随后通过兰州市15个监测点的预测与实测对比验证后发现二者具有较高的一致性,此模型可应用在兰州市道路交通噪声污染的预测评价中.     

化学解耦联剂对活性污泥产率的控制作用

采用3,3',4',5-四氯水杨酰苯胺(TCS)作为代谢解耦联剂添加到活性污泥工艺中,进行连续曝气分批培养实验.结果表明:在TCS总投加量相同的情况下,采用一次性大剂量投加的污泥减量化效果好于分次小剂量投加.每d投加 12 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了33%,而每2 d一次性投加24 mg TCS,污泥产量比对照下降了55%.污泥的CODCr去除能力有所下降,当一次性投加12 mg时,CODCr去除率比对照下降了12%,但出水氨氮及总氮质量浓度均未受影响.污泥的SVI有所上升,但沉降性能未见有明显变化.      

曝气生物滤池快速启动和活性保持性能研究

研究了两级曝气生物滤池处理生活污水时各级的快速启动和在低负荷下活性保持的能力,考察了出水中主要污染物和生物滤池内生物量随时间的变化情况。结果表明,碳氧化生物滤池从低负荷恢复时,所需要的时间与活性保持时的负荷大小有关,负荷越小,所需要的时间越长。在极端情况下,恢复时间接近一次完全启动的时间,因此碳氧化生物滤池的低负荷维持并没有太大的实际意义。而硝化生物滤池在低负荷下活性保持良好,重新启动仅需要完全启动1/10的时间,这就有可能以低成本实现硝化生物滤池的活性保持。     

鱼吸收富集LAS的分析研究进展

LAS对鱼等水生生物均产生有害影响,会破坏鱼鳃上皮组织、影响其相关功能(如通透性等)。LAS经由鱼鳃吸收、并通过血液输送到鱼体中各组织。LAS疏水性越大,其在鱼体中生物富集系数越大。水硬度等影响鱼吸收、富集LAS。鱼体中LAS生物转化过程减小了LAS生物富集。鱼体中LAS及其生物转化产物大多是经过固相萃取或基质固相分散萃取后,采用HPLC或HPLC/MS等方法进行分析。     

纳米级铁粉脱氯降解四氯化碳

四氯化碳的生产和使用,给人类带来了较大危害.为此,采用纳米铁粉这一新方法对其进行脱氯处理.试验以纳米级铁粉对四氯化碳的脱氯率为考察指标,选用L25(56)正交试验方案,考察了降解介质的初始pH值、纳米铁粉的质量、降解温度、摇床转速和脱氯时间5个影响因素.结果表明,pH值这一因素有极显著影响;在得出的纳米铁粉对四氯化碳脱氯的最佳工艺条件下,获得了99.5%的脱氯率,为有机氯化物脱氯开辟了一条新途径.     

电捕焦油器在沥青熔化中对沥青烟净化的应用

沥青烟是一种较强的致癌物质,对人的健康会造成极大的伤害。电捕焦油器对消除沥青烟起到了至关重要的作用,是捕集沥青烟气较为理想的净化设备。     

有机磷农药对缢蛏[Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck)]显微结构的影响

在实验室模拟缢蛏的生长环境,研究乐果和三唑磷对缢蛏的毒性效应.以气相色谱法测定缢蛏体内有机磷农药的含量,并通过光镜观察有机磷农药对缢蛏鳃和消化腺显微结构的影响.结果表明:缢蛏体内乐果和三唑磷的含量随着水体中有机磷农药的增加而增加,有很好的剂量-效应关系,但是无线性相关性.乐果和三唑磷对缢蛏鳃显微结构的影响是:鳃丝变短,鳃丝间隔和基底膜结缔组织增生,鳃孔、血管腔堵塞;不同的是:在乐果胁迫下,上皮细胞纤毛脱落严重,而三唑磷胁迫下,上皮细胞纤毛增生.乐果和三唑磷对缢蛏消化腺显微结构的影响主要表现为腺细胞界限模糊,腺泡水肿变形、部分坏死;结缔组织增生,细胞间质疏松,出现许多空泡;有机磷农药的浓度高时消化腺细胞变性、坏死,细胞质囊泡化.