滨海化工区废水预处理去毒技术耦合工艺研究

化工产业是天津滨海新区重要的支柱产业,该行业废水是滨海污染物控制的主要威胁。针对常规单一方法存在的问题,试验选取滨海某化工区实际废水从内电解-Fenton、内电解-混凝、内电解-超声及微波强化氧化-光催化4种耦合去毒预处理工艺进行了研究。试验表明,与传统方法相比,内电解-Fenton法中H2O2的加入增加了污染物的降解途径,提高了对污染物的去除效率;内电解-混凝法对于制药废水的生物毒性有比较好的去除作用,不加PAM或Ca(OH)2的效果更佳;内电解-超声法对制药废水的生物毒性去除率可达92%,其可生化性提高45%;微波强化氧化-光催化法对大多数难降解物质有效,而对酚类物质降解效果不佳。     

Alkylation of metals and the activity of metal‐alkyls†

The biochemical basis for resistance to metal ion toxicity is emerging though it is complicated by the different resistance mechanisms. Several strategies for resistance to toxic metal ions have been identified:

1. The development of energy driven efflux pumps which keep toxic element levels low in the interior of the cell. Such mechanisms have been described for Cd(II) and As(V).

2. Oxidation (e.g. AsO^2‐ to AsO₄ ^3‐) or reduction (e.g. Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰) can enzymatically and intracellularly convert a more toxic form of an element to a less toxic form.

3. The biosynthesis of intracellular polymers which serve as traps for the removal of metal ions from solution such as traps have been described for cadmium, calcium, nickel and copper.

4. The binding of metal ions to cell surfaces.

5. The precipitation of insoluble metal complexes (e.g. metal sulfides and metal oxides) at cell surfaces.

6. Biomethylation and transport through cell‐membranes by diffusion controlled processes.

In this short review I shall discuss the implications of biomethylation as a detoxification mechanism for microorganisms as well as for certain higher organisms.     

还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)的解毒/固化

在对现有Cr(Ⅵ)污染控制方法分析的基础上,提出用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化的研究思路。以煤矸石为原料,以水玻璃和Na OH为碱性激发剂,合成矿物聚合物;以Fe Cl2·4H2O为还原剂,用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化实验,并采用XRD、TEM/EDS、XPS对固化体进行检测。当添加的Fe(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的摩尔比≥3∶1时,矿物聚合物中总铬的浸出浓度小于1 mg/L,铬固化率大于99%。还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)最大固化量为0.8%。在合成过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)添加的矿物聚合物发生了氧化还原反应,Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化成了Fe(Ⅲ),Cr(Ⅵ)被还原成了Cr(Ⅲ),随后Fe(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅲ)同时被矿物聚合物中的—OAl(-)(OH)3吸引,并固化在非晶质结构中。     

抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中的作用

砷超富集植物——蜈蚣草体内可以富集高浓度的砷且不表现出受害症状,暗示蜈蚣草细胞具有较强的砷解毒机制.为探讨抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草砷解毒机制中的作用,测定了0、0.5、1和2mmol/L的砷酸盐[As(Ⅴ)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]和二甲基胂酸盐(DMA)处理下蜈蚣草愈伤组织的丙二醛(Malonyldiadehyde,MDA)含量、非酶类抗氧化物质含量和酶类抗氧化物质的活性.结果表明,0.5mmol/L As(Ⅴ)和DMA就可以诱导氧化胁迫的产生,浓度越高胁迫程度也越严重.而1mmol/L的As(III)仍未使蜈蚣草愈伤组织产生氧化胁迫.在As(Ⅲ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量增加,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量不变,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性增加.在As(Ⅴ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略有上升;CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.在DMA处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素含量降低而类胡萝卜素含量增加,CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.与As(Ⅴ)和DMA相比,As(Ⅲ)处理下高酸溶性巯基含量、高氧化酶活性和低MDA含量暗示As(Ⅲ)对蜈蚣草的毒性可能比As(Ⅴ)和DMA要小.这些结果表明,酸溶性巯基和酶类抗氧化物质(CAT和POD)在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中发挥着重要作用.图4参22     

两段式还原工艺处理铬渣的生产性研究

利用焦亚硫酸钠和硫酸亚铁将铬渣中的六价铬进行两次溶出和两次还原,解毒后铬渣中总铬含量≤1.5 mg/L,六价铬含量≤0.5mg/L,远远低于HJ/T 301—2007《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范(暂行)》铬渣以一般工业固废进行固化填埋标准浓度值。该工艺技术解毒彻底,无返铬现象,过程简单,处理成本低,可实现规模化生产,具有广阔的推广应用前景,对周边环境的保护意义重大。     

中华圆田螺抗氧化-代谢酶系统对转cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻的响应

对生长在不施农药转Bt基因抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)、非Bt稻明恢63(MH63)及施药的明恢63(MH63C)3种稻田生境中的中华圆田螺抗氧化系统物质(SOD、CAT、GSH-PX、GSH)及代谢酶(GST、ACP)差异进行了研究.结果表明:HH1稻田生境田螺肝脏和鳃SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活性均高于MH63稻田,其中SOD和CAT活性差异极显著(p＜0.01);肝脏GSH含量和GST活性在HH1和MH63稻田生境中差异不显著;HH1稻田生境中田螺肝脏ACP活性显著高于MH63稻田生境组(p＜0.01).对于MH63C和MH63组,MH63C稻田生境田螺肝脏中SOD、CAT和GST活性均显著提高,而鳃GSH-PX、GST活性和GSH含量在MH63C生境组表现为明显提高.由此可见,转Bt水稻生境可提高田螺抗氧化能力,对解毒酶系统活性没有明显影响,即对田螺未产生明显的毒副作用;而施用农药明显激活田螺抗氧化系统和解毒代谢酶活性.     

铬污染场地修复技术研究及应用

综述了国内外铬污染场地修复技术的研究动态,探讨了铬污染修复技术研发的需求,重点讨论了铬污染土壤的主要修复技术如:土壤清洗技术、化学解毒技术、电动修复技术和稳定化技术等。并针对这些技术存在的不足,开发了化学解毒与稳定化联合技术,对山西某铬渣堆存场地中受污染土壤进行修复。结果表明:运用化学解毒与稳定化联合技术可以降低污染土壤中总铬和六价铬的浸出浓度,稳定效果好且能在工程实际中高效应用。     

基于谷胱甘肽结合作用定量研究微囊藻毒素的解毒代谢机制

基于谷胱甘肽(GSH)解毒作用探讨了微囊藻毒素-RR(MCRR)在不同动物肝脏和肾脏合作下的代谢机制。通过人工合成MCRR的谷胱甘肽代谢物(MCRR-GSH),腹腔注射至鲫鱼和大鼠体内,利用液相色谱串联质谱技术(LC-MS/MS)定量检测MCRR-GSH及其下游半胱氨酸代谢物(MCRR-Cys)在组织内的代谢动力学变化。在72 h的暴露实验中,实验组鲫鱼和大鼠体内均定量检测到MCRR-GSH和MCRR-Cys。MCRR-GSH在肾脏中的浓度显著高于其他组织(P0.05),鲫鱼和大鼠体内累积浓度分别是(0.161±0.001)和(0.116±0.005)μg·g~(-1)DW。同样的,MCRR-Cys主要分布于鲫鱼和大鼠的肾脏组织。鲫鱼肾脏中MCRR-Cys的浓度出现明显的波动,而肝脏和胆汁内的MCRR-Cys浓度却呈现出上升的趋势;大鼠肾脏内MCRR-Cys的浓度呈缓慢下降的趋势,浓度范围为(8.899±0.817)μg·g~(-1)DW至(3.336±0.263)μg·g~(-1)DW。基于以上结果推测,微囊藻毒素在肝脏和肾脏合作下的解毒过程为:MC在肝脏内经GSH结合作用生成的代谢物MC-GSH随血液循环转运至肾脏,在肾脏内MCGSH快速地转化为下游代谢物MC-Cys以促进排泄。     

Effects of cadmium on intracellular cation homoeostasis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous studies have demonstrated that cadmium can induce biochemical and physiological changes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, studies on the influence of cadmium on the ion balance in the cell and the interaction between cadmium and other ions are still relatively few in number. By using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, the contents of some cations, including Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ were measured. The data showed that the levels of Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ were increased, while those of Cu²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ were decreased after cadmium treatment. Afterwards, using the drop test assay, the interactions between cadmium and the selected ions were investigated. The results suggested that the cytotoxicity of cadmium could be attributable to the interference of cadmium with the intracellular cation homoeostasis. Calcium channel transporter Cch1 participates in the intracellular uptake of cadmium. Additionally, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ can rescue the toxic effect of cadmium in yeast.